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1
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Zabytkowy zespół "Emir Kurkumas" na Nekropoli Kalifów w Kairze

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1974
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issue 1
3-20
EN
Basing upon the hitherto lasting co-operation Egyptian Authorities have entrusted a group of Polish specialists with the conservation of monuments of Islamic architecture. From 1972 onward in Cairo is acting the Polish-Egyptian Group for Restoration of Islamic Monuments whose activities are based on the respective provisions of agreement on cultural co-operation signed toy Poland and Egypt. As the first object with which is dealing the Group is to be considered the complex of Ameer Qurqumas being at the same time one of the most valuable Mameluke monuments within the Khalif Necropolis in Cairo. Both location and state of preservation of this object are enabling its favourable display, fairly fast advances of restoration and, as a result, the making it accessible to visitors. The „Ameer Qurqumas” architectural complex was built in H500—1507 as a foundation made by Qurqumas, a Mameluke of sultan Kadt Bey and at the same time one of the main personalities of the sultan’s court. The above complex is composed of several component parts. Of these the most early erected element is the founder’s mausoleum to wthich are closing a masque and the residence. Until now, however, there are not available any more definite information as to the use that was made of that residence. As the latest built is to be considered the part forming a sui generis monastery which was known as „khanka”. There is every reason to believe that the total time used for erection of this complex amounted to some nine or ten years; and although lit was constructed by stages it seems to be almost sure thait its architectural design was from the very beginnings one uniform far the whole. The architectural investigations carried out on the site have greatly contributed to such am opinion. Masonry of the whole complex was built of ashlar, i.e. of local limestone bound with lime mortar. The mausoleum has the form typical for the Mameluke architecture and is formed of a square in plan nave covered with a dome based an pendentives. Its façade, the supports and the dome are richly decorated with both geometrical and epigraphic ornaments that, it seems, were originally coated with polychrome paintings. In the mosque whose façades and interiors were also richly decorated are preserved the timber-constructed ceilings with the polychrome decorative layers on them. Unfortunately, both in mosque and in mausoleum have been seriously damaged the marble panellings whose relics preserved to our days enable their reconstruction. During the course of field investigations were discovered the underground water cistern and the drainage system that bath can toe considered as entirely unique features of architectural monuments coming from that period. Above the masque is shooting a richly decorated minaret whose state of preservation may be described as one excellent. The Ameer’s residence closing to mausoleum is rather small, comprising altogether three rooms, and is located at the level of the first storey of a building whose ground level has the form of an open, vaulted and arcaded passage. Although no floors have survived to our times in the residence the shape of its preserved wall crowning makes it possible to rebuild the whole in its original forms. The „khanika” farms the mast devastated part within the complex and there are visible traces of the previous poorly executed repairs. From the mid-eighteenth century onward the complex wais deserted and as late as from the mid-nineteenth until the end of that century it was used as military stares. From that times are dating the traces of repairs in „khanka”. Until now there were twice carried out the restorations, namely for the first time about 1917 and then in il940—42. However, these works could toe described as those of rather inventorying and safegurading character. The at present planned conservation toy the Polish-Egyptian Group provides for a full restoration of mausoleum and masque and the adaptation of residence and „khanka’1' for the use of Egyptian conservation services whiich the plan will be reported in the forthcoming issue.
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"Zabytki Warszawy i ich ochrona" - doroczne spotkanie varsavianistów

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1983
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issue 1-2
148-149
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Wiesław Domasłowski, Maria Kęsy–Lewandowska, Jadwiga W. Łukaszewicz, Badania nad konserwacją murów ceglanych, Toruń 1998, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, ss. 189, tabl. 73, fot. 20, rys. 4

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1999
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issue 2
210
4
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Kontynuacja - aspekt oceny prawidłowości zamierzeń architektonicznych w zabytkowych układach przestrzennych

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2001
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issue 3
272-275
EN
In the course of its history each town underwent assorted changes and, as a rule, developed and transformed its architecture. The process of such changes comprised the outcome of political and economic events, as well as of altering demands and aesthetic taste. Today, we observe strong investment pressure upon an intensive exploitation of the municipal area of Warsaw. This trend led to filling historically moulded fragments by means of new development, partially replacing the existing one, conceived as substandard. At the same time, the façades of totally damaged historical buildings, once characteristic for the centre of Warsaw, are being fragmentarily reconstructed. In accordance with the requirements of law, architectonic transformations in the preserved, prewar ( albeit not only) development are obligated to win conservation acceptance. Special emphasis must be placed on the concurrence of new architecture and historically shaped spatial expression as well as the continuation of the development of the given part of town. Drastic contrasts or salvage, at all cost, of prewar slums and worthless sheds should n o t take place. Despite a rath er favourable acceptance by part of local society attempts at restoring the architectonic image of Warsaw (or rather its fragments) by means of the reconstruction of the façades of demolished buildings appear to be out of place and constitute substitute activity, disclosing the workshop faults of the architects — authors o f the projects. A comprehension of architectural-town planning continuation and subjugation to its demands should improve the utilitarian and aesthetic assets of the town.
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Zakład Badawczo-Rozwojowy PKZ

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1981
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issue 3-4
223-225
6
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Powstanie Oddziału Warszawskiego Stowarzyszenia Konserwatorów Zabytków

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1983
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issue 1-2
145
7
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Jubileusz profesora Wojciecha Kalinowskiego

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1986
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issue 3
227-228
8
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Konstrukcja otworów okiennych i drzwiowych w zespole architektonicznym Emira Kurkumasa (Emira Wielkiego) na Nekropoli Północnej w Kairze

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1973
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issue 2
122-126
EN
In 1972 the joint Polish-Egyptian Group for Restoration of Islamic Monuments has been called into being in Cairo. As the first monument to be investigated and restored by the staff composed of the Egyptian and Polish experts has — in agreement with the Egyptian Authorities — been chosen the Ameer Qurqumas burial complex. Within the first stage of works a general survey and architectural investigations of the object have been carried out. ' The constructional solutions applied in the door and window openings seem to deserve particular attention and this was exactly the reason why the author decided to deal with them within the present a rticle. As the date at which the whole complex has been built of the limestone blocks about 1507 T.D. can be assumed; the elements used for adorning of its openings are characteristic of their specific style which widely differs from that to be found within the contemporary European buildings. By the use of the quite specially designed • construction of breastsummers excellent effects were arrived at. Two forms of openings can be found within the complex, namely these rectangular and those arched. In addition, there can also be encountered some circular windows, however, their construction is one similar to that present in the standard ones. Of the openings in question of particular interest are those rectangular. There are two kinds of them. These of the first kind and placed in very thin walls are measuring about 20 cm while those of the second kind found in thick walls even up to 2.40 m. The thin walls are constructed of the carefully processed, cube-shaped stone blocks and the breastsummers have the shape of wedged blocks that were cut with a high grade of precision thus enabling to construct a flat vaulting. These blocks were usually forming a support for the arches made-up of similar stones that perform the function of „protective” structures. Very attractive effects have been achieved by builders owing to application of the differently coloured stone material. All the openings in thick walls are vaulted constructionally in semi-circular shapes which the occurrence may be in some way linked with the so called „opus emplectum” kind of masonry used in execution of these walls. Within the surface of one or two thick walls special niches were left when the masonry works have been carried out. The above niches, having rectangular sections, were later filled with structures of a kind similar to that applied in the thin walls with this only difference that the depth of filling structures is smaller. The thickness of the blocks used for filling amounts to about 10 or 12 cm. The breastsummers executed in this manner are the self-carrying structural elements having no any effect on the construction of wall at all. The space between the breastsummers executed in that manner was usually filled up with mortar or rubbish whereas the „ceiling” in the openings of wood planks. Some of the above-described openings were fitted with two breastsummers on either side of each wall; in those having a single breastsummer are perfectly visible the vaulted constructions of the openings. The small semi-circular openings in the thin walls in most cases are deprived of real wedge-shaped vaulted constructions, however, it seems that they might have been cut directly in the horizontal raws of stones forming the wail construction. Only the keystones were cut very precisely and it is these keystones, who constitute virtually structural elements which in most cases are joined with stone blocks bearing the wall constructions. All the openings under discussion were once fitted with the doors, grates or frames glazed with the coloured glass plates. As there have been found several relics of those glasses the possibilities exist to restore the glazings. The investigations described above should be considered as the first stage of studies on the ancient Arabic building trade. It is hoped, however, that already these preliminary investigations as well as those carried on in the nearest future will make it possible to explain the problem of mutual relations and that of exchange of building experiences that existed in the Middle Ages between Europe and the Islamic world.
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Restauracja ściany wieńczącej nad III tarasem świątyni Hatszepsut w Deir el Bahari : z prac misji PKZ w Egipcie

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1971
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issue 3
183-196
EN
Apart from archaeological explorations and investigations conducted by the Mediterranean Archaeology Center, University of Warsaw, for several years are carried put the restoration, wortkis in the Queen Hatshepsut Temple at Deir el-Bahari, West Thebes for whom are responsible Palish experts. The above works are now concentrated on the third terrace of the temple in question. The Hatshepsut Temple ils to be considered as one entirely unique with regard to its design which g re a tly dqparts from those commonly encountered in other Egyptian temples. It is a terrace temple built in tight connection with n atu ra l features of the surrounding site. The third of its three terraces is resting on the steep rock wall. Above this terrace once existed and has been preserved up to our times, however in .scarce fragments only, a stone wall which formed the rock facing being a t the same time architectural cap of the temple itself. The Temple of Queen Hatshepsut was designed as a burial temple by the architect named Sen-Mut ca. 11500 B. C. Within the compass of time it was subjected to different reconstructions u n til the Coptic period and at last seriously damaged. The restoration and investigatory works were started as fa r back as in the mid-nineteenth century (Mariette, iNaville, Wiolock, Baraize). Within the present series of works have been investigated the techniques used for erection of the cap- -watl, surveyed its original overall dimensions and architectural forms. Thanks to the fact th a t the rock terrace of about 10 metres width has been discovered and revealed it became possible to define the original wall height ranging to 8.20 m. However, the shape of its central portion still remains controversial in much the same measure as that of its south end. As the steep rock wall above the temple permanently weathered this wide rook terrace was safeguarding the temple against the falling stones and rock debris. A number of drawings have been prepared representing the alleged architectural solution once applied for th e wall cen tral portion (i.e. th a t above the sanctua ry entrance) and taking as their basis the many times encountered uniformity of constructional solutions lUsed in Egyptian structures. However, none of conceptions being th e result of the above-mentioned studies could be fully supported by facts so it has been decided to leave these fragments not rebuilt. Qnily those partionjs of cap-wall not raising doubts aie being reconstructed in their original overall dimensionls and along their original course. When studying the preserved fragments it became also possible to Obtain an explanation for a jump present a t th e wall footing. I t proved to be nothing else than a rdlic of original flooring th a t was laid on plates forming the covering of portico hall. The objective outlined for restoration of the cap-waill consisted, in addition to restoring the temple’s architectural expression, in restoring the safeguarding function of the rock terrace. To secure distinction between the authentic component p a rts .and those rebuilt and nevertheless for economical reasons all blocks used for the wall construction are made of prefabricated concrete. Their facings are executed from artificial istone having the shade similar to th a t of original stone blocks. As the raw materials for concrete production are used the Portland and white cement, sand and gravel coming from the local lime-stone. To obtain the proper stre n gth the ready blacks are carefully cured. Since the manufacturing conditions are primitive enough (wooden moulds boxes, varying ra te of concrete shrinkage, etc.) and the need exists to meet the highly rigorous tolerance requirements the methods used for manufacture are constantly improved. The free spaice .between th e wall now under construction and the rock face ils being filled with concrete. As the rock structure is easily decayed by wate r and th e space filled has the wedge-like form a number of large -sized steps, measuring about 1.50 m in the ir height and width a re farmed to secure the proper support on rook while to dampen the impacts of faffing stones and rodk debris on completion .of the cap-wall is planned to lay on the rock terrace a sand cushion about ,1.0 m thick. All the Conservation work is carried out under immediate direction of highly skilled architects being the members of expedition sent by the State Ateliers of Historic Monument Conservation whereas the scientific supervision as well as consultations and all the aid within th e Egyptological range is supplied by the Mediterranean Archaeology Center in Cairo, Both the above Course of works and the supervision and p e rsonal help lofferred by Professer K. Michałowski enable to attain in a proper way all the objectives p u t forward by the conservation programme.
10
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Niektóre problemy adaptacji obiektów zabytkowych

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1968
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issue 3
6-14
FR
En résultat des changements sociaux et en conséquence des destructions de guerre nombre de bâtiments historiques ont été privés d’usagers. Dans cette situation il est devenu incontestablement nécessaire d’introduire une nouvelle fonction dans ces objectifs, car ces derniers, laissés en abandon, sont menacés d’une ruine complète. Même les objectifs utilisés demandent une adaptation du système fonctionnel et technique, afin qu’ils puissent être à même de satisfaire les exigeances et les besoins contemporains. En raison du grand nombre de ces objectifs historiques un problème urgent devient leur adaptation convenable. Il n’y a pas de règles strictes en matière d’adaptation régulière. Chaque objectif doit être examiné individuellement de manière à pouvoir concilier les exigeances souvent opposées: de conservation, d’utilisation et juridiques. Le principe fondamental de conservation sera „primum non nocere”. Pour illustrer certains problèmes on s’est servi de 3 projets d’adaptation choisis: 1. Synagogue à Chęciny. Objectif abandonné depuis 1941, Renaissance, datant de 1635. Il a été projeté d’y adapter un cinéma pour 120 personnes, tout en conservant entièrement aussi bien la disposition des locaux que le riche parement en pierre de l ’élévation et des intérieurs. La substance ancienne a été respectée grâce à une certaine conciliation des principes fonctionnels du cinéma et de la synagogue — le principe de la salle mise périodiquement à la disposition des spectateurs à été gardé. Les éléments nécessaires de l’équipement ont été introduits sur le principe d’ameublement. Les travaux de construction et d’artisanat soigneusement effectués ainsi que la surveillance attentive sur la réalisation ont permis d’obtenir de bons résultats de conservation et d’utilisation. 2) Les anciens bâtiments de la Douane à Varsovie. Edifice de l’office d’Etat de la fin du XVIII-e siècle. Auteur — inconnu, probablement Zawadzki. L’objectif reconstruit entièrement au ΧΙΧ-e siècle et incendié en 1944. Il se compose de deux ailes à deux étages reliées entre elles par un passage en arcade. Les intérieurs étaient complètement détruits, par contre le parement de l ’élévation était resté intact. Le programme d’utilisation prévoyait d’aménager des appartements dans l ’aile du sud et dans l ’aile du nord — une bibliothèque de l ’institut scientifique. L’adaptation des hauts locaux aux appartements conformes à la norme de superficie en vigueur, a exigé la démolition de certaines parois intérieures, par contre l ’adaptation de l ’aile nord à la bibliothèque, en raison de la conciliation des gabarits et des principes fonctionnels historiques avec les exigeances contemporaines ne présentait aucune difficulté. On a respecté entièrement la composition historique des locaux, y compris les baies. Dans un cas seulement on a percé une baie en plus. 3) Palais à Hieronimowo. Objectif résidentiel du début du ΧΙΧ-e siècle, d’une valeur historique insignifiante, mais caractéristique du fait de possibilités potentielles de travaux d’adaptation analogiques en Pologne. En partie détruit faute d’usagers. Construction au niveau du sol avec ressaut et portique. Le parement de l ’élévation assez riche s’est conservé en bon état, par contre, la composition et le parement des intérieurs étaient complètement détruits. On a projeté l’adaptation selon un programme très complexe englobant: école, maternelle, centre de santé, section socio-culturelle et de bureaux. La forme et le parement extérieur, qui constituent la plus grande valeur de cet objectif ancien ont été gardés. Ces trois exemples indiquent le rôle très essentiel du programme d’utilisation pour une adaptation convenable. Soumettre les programmes exclusivement sur des indices de chiffres (cubature, superficie utilitaire) est, pour les objectifs historiques, chose inconvenante. La participation d’un architecte conservateur pour préciser les principes utilitaires est nécessaire pour qu’il y est certaine concordance fonctionnelle dans l ’utilisation ancienne et nouvelle. Cela permettra de respecter autant que possible la substance historique tout en conservant les valeurs réelles de composition et historiques ainsi qu’à introduire une nouvelle fonction appropriée. L’architecte conservateur, renonçant sciemment à la „création” obtient la satisfaction que l ’objectif adapté vit toujours, conservant ses valeurs et est sauvé de la ruine inévitable en tout autre cas.
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Niektóre problemy funkcjonalnego i konserwatorskiego programowania zabytkowych zespołów staromiejskich

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1970
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issue 3
167-172
EN
The problem of conservation and preservation of the old town complexes in urban areas has grown to a subject o f several discussions. An unquestionable need exists to develop more vigorous conservator’s activities in this field and thus the article represents an attempt to define in a possibly precise way the methodical conditions as w e ll as proposals concerning the organization of conservator’s activities with the aim to solve this problem. The methodical proposals take into account the e x isting system and the practice adopted in general town planning, at the same time suggesting to include those responsible for conservation into works aimed at achieving the town planning decisions already at the stage at which the programme outlines for urban plans are being prepared. It follows from the fact that both the functional and conservation programmes, if purposefully defined, w ill in consequence allow the right management and exposure o f an old town complex within the urban area and equally to achieve the due functional interwaeving of the whole town. The defining of a „general function”, an assessment of the absorbability of a complex as w e ll as the many- sided, careful analysis of historical, artistic and educational values possessed by the whole complex and its separate buildings w ill enable the due course of preparing the conservator’s programmatic requirements. From the above a proposal follows to work out the conservator’s requirements within the three stages named below: 1) general studies, including the completing of inventory and historical source materials as well as on-the- spot research, programme outlines for the whole town and careful analysis of materials presented, 2) preliminary programming with selection of general function, assessment of absorbability and defining the basic conservator’s requirements, and 3) proper programming with the final completing and precise formulation of conservator’s requirements, at the same time giving the outlines for town planning decisions w ith in the old town complex as well as for those with concern to its environment. To have the postulated tasks resolved an adequate organizational framework should be created. There is a number of possible solutions of the problem the most right o f them seeming to be a proposal to create the design-and-conservator workteams acting at the level of Culture Departments within the structure o f National Councils as the local government agencies concerned. As to their knowledge activities the above workteams could be subordinated to the Consulting Team acting at the lev e l of the Board o f Museums and Historical Monuments Preservation. The pertinence of principles presented in the article can be practically teeted by their confronting with realities.
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Z problemów konserwacji zespołów zabytkowych

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Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1969
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issue 3
198-205
FR
L’évolution rapide des villes et le développement technique donnent l ’essor à d’incessantes transformations des aménagements urbains. A cet effet, les ensembles historiques de vieilles cités sont menacés soit d’une destruction totale soit de dégradation et de retranchement graduel de la vie courante. Il est donc indispensable de protéger et de conserver non seulement des objectifs isolés mais aussi des ensembles historiques dans leur totalité. Les premiers pas sur la voie de la conservation des sites historiques urbains ont été faits en Pologne avant la seconde guerre mondiale (Zamość, Sandomierz, Cracovie). Après la guerre — ce problème est devenu d’une actualité pressante. Pour ordonner les problèmes ayant trait au sujet précité, l ’auteur du présent article propose la classification ci-après des ensembles historiques: 1) Groupes d’habitations — en premier lieu donc, des centres urbains, mais aussi des agglomérations rurales pourvues de valeurs spéciales soit du fait de leur composition soit de leur histoire. L’on a pas le droit d’oublier aussi les aménagements urbains du XIXe siècle les plus susceptibles d’être détruits en raison de la modernisation des villes et pourtant dotés de valeurs réelles (Łódź, Zgierz). 2) Les unités architectoniques urbaines, c’est à dire les ensembles inclus dans le cadre d’un système d’architecture défini, affectés à une fonction générale indépendamment de leur situation dans la ville soit dans l ’agglomération, par ex. les couvents, les citadelles, les établissement industriels, les systèmes d’irrigation et d’eaux flottables. 3) Les ensembles résidentiels inclus dans le cadre du paysage. En première ligne ce sont les châteaux et les palais. Les valeurs du paysage résultent de la composition spatiale, soit encore, elles apparaissent fortuitement après l ’élévation du monument principal (la majorité des châteaux médiévaux). Cet état de fait appelle la protection de l ’entourage du monument, soit par un aménagement du terrain, soit par l’élévation d’autres bâtiments, soit encore par la composition d’un décor floral et des espaces verts. Afin de profiter d’une protection réelle, tous ces ensembles historiques, indépendamment de leur caractère doivent être inclus dans la vie courante de la société contemporaine et servir à ses besoins. A cet effet il est indispensable d’établir des programmes fonctionnels détaillés. La nécessité d’une participation de spécialistes-conservateurs des monuments s ’impose, quant aux travaux des organes chargés d’établir les plans d’aménagement de l’espace. Elle garantirait la mise en valeur de ces monuments ainsi que leur affectation à des services et buts utiles. Tous les traitements auquels ont été soumis les ensembles historiques jusqu’à ce temps ont été désignés par le mot d ’„assainissement”. Ledit terme manquant de précision, l’auteur en propose quelques autres dont chacun indiquerait un autre mode de traitement: 1. Dégagement (liberazione) — consiste à la démolition des elements parasites altérant la composition historique et la beauté du monument, y compris les éléments nuisibles aux conditions sanitaires du bâtiment et à son utilité '(bâtisses, masures, annexes etc.). 2) Restauration (ricostruzione) — consiste à dégager l ’ensemble historique et mettre en valeur sa composition en corrigeant les gabarits, créant des percées, bouchant des manques dans l’alignement des bâtiments, restituant les dominantes et les points culminants de son programme tels que: les dispositifs de défense, la „petite architecture”, les monuments commémoratifs etc. 3) Adaptation (rinovazione) — c’est le principal traitement pour la majorité de vieilles cités. L’adaptation s’effectue en diverses formes — elle est planifiée ou fortuite. Afin qu’elle constitue un traitement de conservation, elle doit être basée sur un programme d’affectation et de conservation de l ’ensemble visé. Un tel programme devra indiquer la fonction générale de l ’ensemble à l ’échelle de la municipalité, puis préciser les services affectoires de chaque pâté de maisons ou même de chaque bâtiment en particulier. Il sera strictement lié à la restauration, au complètement de l ’architecture et à l ’équipement technique de l ’ensemble afin de lui garantir l’utilité en vue de ses nouvelles fonctions. Au cours de l’adaptation il est indispensable d’inserrer l’ensemble historique dans le cadre de son entourage en prenant compte des services affectoires qui lui seront alloués. 4. La réintégration (reintegrazione) — constitue une opération réalisée sur l’objectif en question ou en dehors de cet objectif. Cette intervention consiste à la restauration et à l’adaptation de l’ensemble historique ainsi qu’à une transformation et recomposition de son entourage le plus proche, ce dernier devant lui former un cadre qui mettrait ses valeurs en lumière. Le programme fonctionnel, dans ce cas, joue aussi un rôle important. 5) Réaménagement (ricomposizione) — en principe, ce n’est pas un traitement de conservation, toutefois il empiète sur son domaine. Dans notre pays, l ’expérience démontre la nécessité d’une participation des conservateurs à l’oeuvre du réaménagement, qui ne devrait pas se traduire par une reconstruction architectonique mais seulement par le respect de la composition et la mise en valeur de l ’ensemble historique. Elle peut s’effectuer de différente manière, mais elle est indispensable quant il s ’agit d’un monument tombant en dégradation et toujours vivant grâce à ses valeurs historiques. Pour terminer, les suivantes conclusions s ’imposent: a) L’ensemble historique doit être lié à la vie courante, b) Pour qu’il profite des traitements de conservation, il faut qu’un programme fonctionnel soit établi à son sujet, c) Les nouvelles formes architectoniques dans le voisinage direct du l’ensemble historique ne seraient admises qu’avec la plus grande circonspection, d) Chaque intervention doit être précédée par des recherches historiques détaillées. L’article présent pose des motions et appelle à élargir les cadres de la discussion, au cours de laquelle les termes proposés pourraient être précisés et admis dans la science relative à la protection des monuments historiques.
13
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Hotel "Bristol" w Warszawie - granice kompromisu w konserwacji architektury

88%
Misiorowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1985
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issue 3-4
320-321
14
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Problemy konstrukcyjno-konserwatorskie w kompleksie "Emir Kurkumas" w Kairze

63%
Misiorowski A., Siarkiewicz S.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1974
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issue 2
103-115
EN
Although the state of preservation of the Ameer Qurqumas complex, Cairo can justly be described as one relatively satisfactory it is beyond any doubt that it requires a good deal of constructional work aimed at strengthening of structure of the preserved monument that at the same time will enable its adaptation to the new functions. The above complex was already subjected to some preservating treatments in 1916—>18 and in 1941—43 which, however, did not bring as a consequence any total strengthening of its structure as their scope was confined to fairly negligible superficial repairs. The works carried out at present by a group of Polish experts were purposed to cover the following two stages: (a) a detailed reconnaissance and examination of destructions and technical assessment of structural qualities of materials applied for its erection as well as that of usability of the preserved elements, (b) preparing of general scheme of the whole project and designing for both conservation and constructional works. In the course of preliminary works enabling to underhas been carried out of causes of destruction and also carefully calculated the stresses present in the most loaded piers and walls as well as the values characterizdng the strength of original materials. In view of differences apparent in structural patterns in the separate portions of the comdlex each of them has been individually considered as a structural entity with the appropriate allowances made for a broad margin of security. To be most endangered proved the piers in mausoleum for which a need has arisen to make a set of detailed statical calculations. It followed from the above calculations that the “opus emplectum” system adopted in the building is being loaded nearly up to the extreme limit of its theoretical strength wheraas the foundations are in perfect condition and do not need any strengthening at all. The strength of limestone used for construction has, as a resut of tests, been determined as that amounting to a value of 120 kG/cm2 whereas that of mortar as that of 8 kG/cm2. The above tests have been carried out by the use of two methods that is that macroscopic and in a laboratory. In addition to the above tests has been examined the stability of walls and in particular the cracks were tested by placing of control cement “cakes” with glass strips inserted between them; finally, the preserved structural elements made of timber were also subjected to examination. A number of constructional measures has been provided within the general scheme. As the most complicated among them are to be named those connected with strengthening of piers in mausoleum where the cracked stone blocks are to be replaced with new ones meetings the extremely severe requirements of description and those of execution techniques. In some places where the existing walls erected from limestone blocks have completely lost their cohesion it has proved indispensable to provide for anastilosis. In places where the basic mass of walls has decayed and poured the thus formed cavities and cracks will be filled with a thin cement mortar injected by pressure. The design provides also for technical requirements of execution of the building’s new portions where those original have totally decayed, as it is the case, for instance, with walls, floors or vaultings. As the traces of the original structural patterns, corresponding with that required by the future functions ■and structural strength have been preserved almost in all portions of the buiding the new elements will in principle resemble those original as to their basic forms and materials. In addition to the detailed outlines to the design have been included the requirements that are to be complied to by the newly applied building materials and so, for example, the stone material should be of the same kind as that used originally, the mortars should have the strength of 15 kG/cm2 and for their preparing should be used the quartz sand. A permanent supervision over the building work performed by an engineer-conservator has been planned which the provision is in full accordance with general practice adopted in Egypt. The works conducted in the Ameer Qurqumas complex will allow to gain some new experiences in conservation of the monuments of Islamic art and to utilize them both in Poland and in other objects im Egypt.
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