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Aspekt sektoralny zmian strukturalnych w gospodarce Niemiec

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Dąbrowski A., Katedra Polityk i Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 142
EN
The economic practice shows that development processes in particular economies are characterized by constant structural changes both within particular regions and sectors. It proves that structural changes are not only an inseparable element accompanying economic growth but quite often a condition of positive changes in the economy taking place in its growth process. There exists a number of theoretical conceptions explaining causes of structural changes both in the sectorial and regional approach. In this article an attempt was made to present a three-sectorial hypothesis of structural changes on the basis of empirical data concerning the Federal Republic of Germany. The performed analysis shows that in the development process of Germany’s economy there took place an evolution not only in the economy structure in its intersectorial aspect but also in the structure of particular sectors. The changes discussed in the article are a typical phenomenon for most highly developed countries. Their characteristic feature is the fact that these processes both as regards their scope and sequence of their stages display many similarities in most countries. The growing or the declining role of paticular sectors within the economy is characterized by numerous causalities, with the most important of them being a mutual correlation between particular stages and level of development attained by a given country. The analysis of structural changes on the example of Germany leads to the conclusion that the Germany experience, as well as the experience of other Western countries, can be helpful in forecasting these processes in Poland.
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Aktywność zawodowa kobiet w Polsce

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Florczak-Bywalec J., Katedra Polityk i Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 142
EN
The article analyzes economic activity of women in Poland on the basis of findings of the survey of population’s economic activity made by the Central Statistical Office in May 1994. The analysis shows a differentiated situation of men and women on the labour market, which is unfavourable for women. There were distinguished three groups of women with regard to their activity on the labour market: working, unemployed and economically passive women. Symptoms of discrimination can be discovered when analyzing each of these groups. Although women have a comparable or even a higher level of education than men, they much more seldom hold managerial positions, they are more often than men exposed to loss of jobs and it is more difficult for them to find a new job. That is why uneployment among women is more frequently of longterm character. Unemployed women are better educated than men. In their case, sex is a stronger discriminating factor than level of education. The situation on labour market presented on the basis of the above mentioned survey is confirmed by the results of many other surveys concerning unemployment. I t seems that women should try to help themselves displaing a greater activeness in the socio-economic life and in all issues connected with the labour market.
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Przekształcenia strukturalne gospodarki województwa łódzkiego (1989-1993)

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Zajdel M., Katedra Polityk i Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 142
EN
The transition from a centrally planned lo a market economy produces many changes of both local and national character. In the present systemic transformations in Poland, the role of the Lodz Administrative Province undergoes an evolution. It calls for structural changes in the economy aimed to increasing its effectiveness and adapting it to new market conditions. This article presents structural transformations in the economy of the Lodz Province, as well as concepts of restructuring it. The author points at the main factors of transformations and analyzes changes in the sectorial branch structure (employment and sales) and in the ownership structure. The main characteristics of these transformations include a relatively stabilized position held by industry within this region and a growing role of services. An interresling phenomenon is also a rapid growth of employment in the private sector. I t should be noted here that the process of structural transformations is by its very nature a long-term phenomenon and at the present time it is in its continuation phase.
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Efektywność pośrednictwa pracy w latach 1990-1993 (na przykładzie województwa łódzkiego)

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Kukulak-Dolata I., Katedra Polityk i Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 142
EN
The article analyzes the effectiveness of employment agencies system operating in the Lodz Administrative Province in the years 1990-1993. We interpret this system as a set of activities and measures used by local employment agencies to find jobs for persons seeking them and appropriate employees for enterprises. The system in question is perceived very broadly by us, as it includes activities allowing the unemployed to use directly the offer of available jobs, as well as indirect measures creating an opportunity of finding temporary jobs (intervention and public works, additional places of work) or create a chance for finding a job through training and financial assistance (loans). Our survey was focussed on he effectiveness of indirect measures. It shows that the most effective measures were intervention works and training programmes, as they offered the best opportunities for the unemployed and, moreover, their cost was lower than costs of the remaining forms of assistance. They also created the biggest oportunities for the so-called permanent reactivation of jobless persons. During the analyzed period, we observed a growing activeness of employment agencies on local labour markets. This process means that more and more jobless persons could get jobs owing to the activity of employment agencies. It is our opinion, however, that the effectiveness of employment agencies in the Lodz Province was low, which was due to poor performance of local economic units, financial, personnel and technical problems of employment agencies. Without trying to undermine, to any extent, the importance of above mentioned forms of counteracting unemployment, it should be said that they can play only an auxiliary and supplementary role in eliminating this phenomenon, while the main role will be played by the economic growth strategy for the whole country and for this administrative province.
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Kształcenie zawodowe w procesie transformacji gospodarczej (na przykładzie województwa łódzkiego)

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Sadowska-Kowalska E., Katedra Polityk i Ekonomicznej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 142
EN
The article starts with the presentation of directions of changes in the vocational education in Poland. It is expected to fulfill two functions: provide general education and provide vocational education oriented at developing qualifications required by the economy. During the period of economic transformation these functions are of special importance. Hence, work has been undertaken to ensure a broad profile of occupation and link the vocational education with the economy. The reform of vocational education commenced in 1992 assumes organizational and programme changes. A special role in the reform will be played by the occupational orientation and guidance, which will be implemented in two stages, i.e. within the school system and within the system of labour market institutions. Against this background, the article analyzes the school system in the Administrative Province of Lodz. The quantitative analysis covered the years 1975-1992. It shows that there has declined the number of students in incomplete schools in all occupational groups and in post-secondary schools. On the other hand, the number of students in complete secondary schools, i.e. schools preparing for the secondary-school certificate has increased. Taking into account the demographic growth, the present period is considered to be favourable for transformations in the school and curriculum structure. It is difficult to give an explicit answer whether the school system in the Lodz Province is adapting itself to the changing situation on the labour market. There cannot be observed any major structural changes in the vocational education, while a change in proportions of the general and the vocational education, a greater elasticity of education and an expanded role of occupational orientation belong to long-term goals.
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