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EN
In commentary on B. Wojciszke and W. Baryla's (2006) paper, arguments are presented that polemicize with the assumptions of the authors' theory that an agent concentrates more on the competence domain of his or her activity and the recipient concentrates on the morality domain of the agent's action. In support of this polemic, theoretical and empirical lines of research are cited, which suggest that the agent should be interested in the moral qualities of his or her own action on account of fulfillment of social and egotistic motives. Moreover, the results of research which suggested that the content of perception may depend on culture, sex, the content of the self and the circumstances of actor's action are reviewed. Many factors can determine if the agent and the recipient concentrate on morality or competence domains, thus it was proposed to separate the considerations concerning the determinants of the content of perception and the consequences of playing the role of agent or recipient.
EN
The relations of content of self-concept to self-esteem may reflect the role of different factors in developing self-esteem. On the basis of theories describing sources of self-esteem, we distinguished four domains of self-beliefs: agency, morality, strength and energy to act, and acceptance by others, which we hypothesized to be related to self-esteem. In two studies, involving 411 university students, the relationship between self-esteem and self-concept was examined. The results confirmed relative independence of these four domains. Self-evaluation of agency was the strongest predictor of selfesteem, followed by self-evaluation of strength and energy to act, and self-evaluation of acceptance by others. Selfevaluation regarding morality turned out to have either no or negative relationship with self-esteem. The results supported the theories assuming that either perception of one’s own agency or acceptance by others are sources of self-esteem.
EN
Research has shown that implicit beliefs about the malleability/stability of human traits can play a vital role in stereotype formation and expression. We predicted that beliefs about stability/malleability of national characteristics may influence stereotypes and attitudes toward different nations. After having experimentally induced the beliefs about stability or malleability of own or other nation's traits, we measured evaluative meaning of the stereotypes and attitudes toward other nations. The participants who were convinced about the malleability of other nations' traits showed more positive stereotypes and attitudes towards other nations than those who believed that national traits are stable. In contrast, participants who were convinced that their own national traits are fixed presented a more positive attitude towards other nations than those who believed that Polish traits may change and evolve.
EN
Shaping students’ soft competences is unusually important due to the current situation on the labour market. Communication skills and the ability of cooperation in a team are one of the most important skills to which the employers pay attention during recruitment processes of higher education graduates. At the same time it is known that people with different personality features work differently in a group and they differently communicate in a failure situation. As the researchers notice the growth of narcissism? Among young people, it is worth checking how people, who have a different level of this feature, communicate, depending on a given situation. In order to do so a research was conducted, which checkedwhether people of a high and low narcissism level differ from one another in the way of formulating feedback in a difficult situation, depending on the length of cooperation perspective with another person.The achieved results allow to draw a conclusion that the situation variable may have bigger impact on theway of formulating such an utterance than the personality feature, namely narcissism.
PL
Kształtowanie kompetencji miękkich studentów jest niezwykle ważne z uwagi na aktualną sytu-ację na rynku pracy. Komunikatywność i umiejętność współpracy w zespole są jednymi z najważniejszych umiejętności, na jakie pracodawcy zwracają uwagę podczas rekrutacji absolwentów szkół wyższych. Wiadomo przy tym, że osoby o różnych cechach osobowości w różny sposób współpracują w grupie i w różny sposób komunikują się w sytuacji niepowodzenia. Ponieważ badacze odnotowują wzrost narcyzmu wśród młodych osób, warto przyjrzeć się sposobowi, w jaki komunikują się ze sobąosoby o różnym poziomie tej cechy, w zależności od napotkanej sytuacji. W tym celu przeprowadzono badanie, w trakcie którego sprawdzono, czy osoby o wysokim i niskim poziomie narcyzmu różnią się sposobem formułowania komunikatów zwrotnych w trudnej sytuacji, w zależności od długości perspektywy współpracy z drugą osobą. Uzyskane rezultaty pozwalają na wyciągnięcie wniosku, że zmienna sytuacyjna może mieć większy wpływ na sposób formułowania takiej wypowiedzi niż cecha osobowościowa, jaką jest narcyzm
EN
It is a common belief that unlawful help brings, at least in the short run, only profits to people who use it. Such observations can be supported by research results which suggest that educational cheating is not related with lower evaluation of self-morality. However, there are theories indicating that the help coming from someone similar, i.e. from a peer, independent of whether it is allowed or not, may have a negative impact on its recipient, particularly in the area of self-evaluation connected with a task. According to such an interpretation the unlawful help from a peer should negatively influence the people who use it, because it will lead to changes in self-perception. In order to verify these assumptions a test was carried out, where two groups imagined themselves help and then it was checked how this image influenced their self-picture. In the experimental group the image concerned unlawful help received from a peer, however, in the control group – the help was allowed and came from a teacher. In accordance with expectations, the unlawful help turned out to negatively influence the self-evaluation and, opposite to expectations – it also decreased the evaluation of self-morality of its recipients.
PL
Potocznie wydaje się, że niedozwolona pomoc przynosi, przynajmniej krótkoterminowo, same zyski osobom z niej korzystającym. Takie spostrzeżenia mogą być wspierane przez wyniki badań sugerujące, że dopuszczanie się nieuczciwości edukacyjnej nie jest związane z niższymi ocenami własnej moralności. Istnieją jednak teorie wskazujące, że pomoc pochodząca od kogoś podobnego, czyli na przykład rówieśnika, niezależnie od tego, czy jest dozwolona czy nie, może mieć negatywny wpływ na jej biorcą, szczególnie w obszarze ocen siebie w wymiarze związanym z zadaniem. Zgodnie z takim ujęciem niedozwolona pomoc od rówieśnika powinna negatywnie wpływać na osoby z niej korzystające, gdyż będzie prowadzić do zmian w obrazie własnej osoby. Aby zweryfikować te przewidywania, zostało przeprowadzone badanie, w którym dwie grupy wyobrażały sobie pomoc, a następnie sprawdzano, jak takie wyobrażenie wpłynie na ich obraz siebie. W grupie eksperymentalnej wyobrażenie dotyczyło niedozwolonej pomocy od rówieśnika, natomiast w grupie kontrolnej – dozwolonej pomocy od nauczyciela. Zgodnie z przewidywaniami niedozwolona pomoc okazała się negatywnie wpływać na oceny własnej sprawczości, natomiast niezgodnie z oczekiwaniami obniżała także oceny własnej moralności jej biorców.
EN
Global self-esteem is typically defined as an attitude towards the self. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) is a widely used instrument for measuring this construct. The objective of the present study was to conduct a psychometrically sound Polish adaptation of the scale. The research shows that the Polish version is a highly reliable (Cronbach’s alpha 0.81 – 0.83), and theoretically valid instrument.
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