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„TŁUMACZKA TYLORA I MORGANA”. O ALEKSANDRZE BĄKOWSKIEJ I JEJ DZIAŁALNOŚCI SPOŁECZNEJ

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Zawiszewska A.
Przekładaniec. Półrocznik Katedry UNESCO do Badań nad Przekładem i Komunikacja Miedzykulturowa UJ
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2010
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issue 2(24)
50-89
EN
The article is about the friendship and social activity of two important female representatives of the Polish emancipation movement at the turn of the 19th century: Aleksandra Bąkowska, aristocrat and owner of the Gołotczyzna estate as well as translator of early American anthropological works, and Paulina Kuczalska- Reinschmit, an impoverished noblewoman, the leader of the suffragette movement in the Polish Kingdom. Both women were inspired by the ideas of Lewis Henry Morgan, the researcher of the Iroquois culture and the author of, among others, Ancient Society (1877), in which he described and compared different systems of kinship in pre- and non-Christian cultures. A. Bąkowska translated this book into Polish in 1887 which triggered the discussion among early Polish sociologists, anthropologists and cultural philosophers in which the most important was the issue of the historicity of the institution of a monogamous marriage and a patriarchal family. A. Bąkowska turned a part of the Gołotczyzna estate into a school for country girls based on the principles resembling the communist community of rights and obligations which community was described by L.H. Morgan based on the observation of Indian tribes. P. Kuczalska-Reinschmit, on the other hand, established the Polish Women Emancipation Association in Warsaw, whose seat – with a reading room, a lending library, a lecture hall – was also organized as a community, mainly for women. Both initiatives led to the dissemination of emancipation ideas in the Polish Kingdom before WWI and contributed to the principle of equality of rights for men and women being inscribed in the new Polish constitution of 1918.
2
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Glosa o narcyzmie na marginesie Lodowych pól Zofii Nałkowskiej

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Zawiszewska A.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
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2013
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issue 21
99-121
EN
The article suggests a reading of Nałkowska’s first work, treated as a literary study of narcissism. In Lodowe pola Nałkowska made an unsuccessful attempt to express the work through an inner narcissistic conflict, giving the protagonist, Janka Dernowiczówna, the qualities of narcissistic personality, such as individualism, dandyism, estheticism, Nietzscheism, atrophy of instinct, need for self-control, stage directing of life, and never-satisfied self love. The author also transferred her own feeling of emotional neglect by her mother in infancy onto the feeling of rejection of Janka’s proposal by Rosławski. The image and experience of “ice fields” as the emptiness of life, chaos, and powerlessness, becomes a metaphor of narcissistic “abandonment depression”, which became, in Nałkowska’s later work, a constantly present emotional mood and a source of artistic “tanatic imagination”.
3
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Zofia Wojnarowska. Poetka dla dzieci – poetka miłości – poetka rewolucji

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Zawiszewska A.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
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2018
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issue 32
57-74
EN
The article discusses Zofia Wojnarowska’s (1881-1967) biography and poetry which were representative of the life path and artistic career of many other active Polish poetesses at the turn of the 19th  century. The output of Wojnarowska, who made her debut in the period of Young Poland and reached her artistic maturity in the interwar period, expresses a typical situation of an artist–epigone whose mediocre talent looks for its own expression and place in the literary Parnassus in the time of, important for the national community, political, economic and cultural changes. Political facts like the country’s occupation, World War I and a difficult process of the restoration of an independent country influenced the judgments of Polish critics who rarely applied esthetic criteria to the evaluation of poetesses’, including Wojnarowska’s, output and instead appreciated their subordination to the following functions: didactic (in children’s poetry), expressive (in love poetry) and ideological (in the poetry of proletarian revolution). The situation in which systemic and individual factors like the emancipation of women, the crystallization of literary professions literary critics’ lenient approach to the artistic output of women and the ease of writing overlapped, the need of success and ideological engagement, on the one hand, made it difficult for women writers to improve their own work, to function in higher mainstream and to play the roles of culture creators and, on the other hand, made it easier for them to function in the popular mainstream and play a role of literary craftsmen.
4
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Literatura kobiet w latach 1918-1939 z perspektywy feministycznej. Rekonesans

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Zawiszewska A.
Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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2006
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issue 1
173-192
EN
The author attempts to present the most significant results of the research on literary and para-literary activity of women in the nineteen-twenties and -thirties, from the gender perspective. The subject of the study is provided by dictionary entries discussing the biographies and works of Polish feminine writers in the first half of the twentieth century, as well as the reception of so-called „women’s literature”, primarily in terms of reviews published in the literary, social and cultural press of that period. The main point of interest is the method of constructing intimate and artistic biographies of women, the manner applied by literary critics to the discussion of feminine art, the issue as to whether women’s literature created in 1918–1939 was aware of its manifold conditioning and whether this literature diagnosed the social situation of women in the first decades of the twentieth century.
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Aktivitätsmodelle der deutschen Frauenbewegung um die Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert in gesellschaftlicher und publizistischer Tätigkeit von Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit

100%
Zawiszewska A.
Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia
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2016
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issue 25
101-120
DE
Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit (1859–1921) – die auf dem russischen Teilungsgebiet wirkende, führende Gestalt der polnischen Emanzipationsbewegung um die Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert – gestaltete ihr Kampfprogramm für die berufliche, politische und die Bildung betreffende Gleichberechtigung der polnischen Frauen, indem sie sich auf nationale Quellen bezog: auf die Ideologie der polnischen Renaissance und des adeligen Sarmatismus der Zeit vor den Teilungen Polens. Doch die Realisierungsformen dieses Programms erarbeitete sie dank ausländischen Inspirationen, hauptsächlich aus Deutschland und Frankreich. Die Beeinflussung durch die Aktivitätsmodelle der deutschen Frauenbewegung wurde insbesondere in der Anfangsphase der Formulierung ihres Emanzipationsprogramms sichtbar, die die zweite Hälfte der 1880er Jahre und die erste Hälfte der 1890er Jahre umfasste, als sie über die deutschen Frauen zunächst in dem ersten polnischen feministischen Wochenblatt „Świt“ [Morgendämmerung] schrieb, dann im Wochenblatt der sog. Warschauer Positivisten „Przegląd Tygodniowy“ [Wochenschau], und schließlich in ihrer eigenen feministischen Zeitschrift „Ster“ [Steuer]. Bei der Bestimmung von Programmen und Aktivitätsformen der Zeitschrift „Ster“ sowie des Vereins für die Gleichberechtigung Polnischer Frauen stützte sich Kuczalska-Reinschmit auf die deutschen Muster, die hauptsächlich von der Organisation Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein und von der durch Louise Otto-Peters und Auguste Schmidt redigierten Zeitschrift „Neue Bahnen“ erarbeitet wurden.
EN
Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit (1859–1921) – the leader of the Polish emancipation movement at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and active on the territory under Russian rule – established her programme of struggle for educational, professional and political emancipation of Polish women, drawing inspiration from the national sources: the ideology of the Polish Renaissance and Polish Sarmatism of the pre-partition era but the forms of implementation of this programme were based on foreign, mainly French and German influences. The German influence is noticeable particularly in the crystallization of her emancipation programme, that is in the second half of the 1880s and first half of the 1890s when she wrote about German women in the first Polish feminist daily “Świt” [Dawn], then in the daily of the so called Warsaw positivists titled “Przegląd Tygodniowy” [Weekly Review] and finally in her own feminist periodical “Ster” [Helm]. While working on the programmes and forms of activity of “Ster” and of the Polish Women’s Union for Equal Rights, she took advantage of the models created mainly by the German organization Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein as well as Louise Otto-Peters and Auguste Schmidt’s magazine “Neue Bahnen”.
PL
Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit (1859–1921) – liderka polskiego ruchu emancypacyjnego na przełomie XIX i XX w., działająca na terenie zaboru rosyjskiego – ukształtowała swój program walki o równouprawnienie edukacyjne, zawodowe i polityczne Polek, wywodząc go ze źródeł narodowych: ideologii polskiego renesansu i szlacheckiego sarmatyzmu doby przedrozbiorowej, ale formy realizacji tego programu opracowała, korzystając z inspiracji zagranicznych, głównie niemieckich i francuskich. Inspiracje modelami aktywności niemieckiego ruchu kobiecego widać szczególnie wyraźnie w fazie krystalizacji programu emancypacyjnego Kuczalskiej-Reinschmit, przypadającej na drugą połowę lat 80. XIX i pierwszą połowę lat 90. XIX w., gdy pisała o Niemkach na łamach pierwszego polskiego tygodnika feministycznego „Świt”, następnie – tygodnika tzw. pozytywistów warszawskich, „Przeglądu Tygodniowego”, a wreszcie – własnego periodyku feministycznego „Ster”. W tworzeniu programów i form działania „Steru” i Związku Równouprawnienia Kobiet Polskich Kuczalska-Reinschmit korzystała z wzorców wypracowanych głównie przez niemiecką organizację Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein oraz czasopismo „Neue Bahnen” Ludwiki Otto i Augusty Schmidt.
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