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Zaangażowanie rodziny Pusłowskich w rozwój przemysłu na Litwie i w Królestwie Polskim w XIX i w początkach XX wieku

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Oettingen U., Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach

Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

2010

vol. 08

The aim of this article is to show the aristocratic and gentry activity of the Pusłowski family in economic field with special regard to industry. The Pusłowski family came from Lithuania. They achieved great importance owing to Wojciech Pusłowski (1762–1833) who strengthened the financial and social status of the family by managing the economic affairs. With his activity in the first half of the 19th century he laid the foundations for development of agricultural, food, timber, paper, mineral, textile and leather industry on the territory of Lithuania. He founded brickyards, sawmills, cloth factories, papermills, mills, breweries, tar plants, distilleries, tanneries, turpentine factories and he also built roads. He dealt with trade on a large scale. He used to it water communication: the River Niemen and its tributaries. He brought modern machines to his factories. In production he used the natural resources of Lithuania, especially the abundance of forests. The most well-known centres included paper factory in Kuczkuryszki, cloth factory in Chomsk and the factory with its settlement in Albertynin in the vicinity of Słonim, which produced cloth, carpets, linen and hardware. One of his five sons, Władysław (1801–1859), followed in his father’s footsteps. He inherited the most important factories and a gift for managing the economic affairs. In the enclosed Annex II there were presented fragments of letters from 1859 which were addressed to him. In them his plenipotentiaries informed him exactly of economic and financial affairs of his property. Carrying on their industrial activity in Lithuania, in the middle of the 19th century the Pusłowski family bought lands on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland in Warsaw and Czarkowy on the River Nida. In Czarkowy at the beginning of the 1870s they built a modern plant to smelt sulphur from the ore that was found in the area. At the beginning of the 20th century the Pusłowski family also owned ironworks in Chlewiska. Economic activity of the family was marked most of all in Lithuania. Not without reason Wojciech Pusłowski was recognized as the pioneer of its industrialization.

THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF POLISH LEGIONARIES IN VOLHYNIA IN 1916 IN THE LIGHT OF MILITARY DISPATCHES (Zycie codzienne legionistów polskich na Wolyniu w 1916 roku (w swietle odpraw wojskowych))

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Oettingen U.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

2008

vol. 56

issue 1

45-56

The aim of the article is to show the everyday life of the soldiers of the I Brigade of the Polish Legions commanded by Józef Pilsudski. The analysis is based on 22 military dispatches from May and June 1916, documenting the briefings of commanding officers in the Brigade headquarters in Nowa Rarancza. The dispatches regularly contained press communiqués on the situation on different fronts. Depending on the current needs and the orders from the larger units of the Austro-Hungarian Army, whose part were the Polish Legions, they regulated a variety of issues. The regulations concerned the building and conservation of defences and other structures on the front line, fire prevention, the maintenance of roads and effective communications, the sanitary conditions and the health of the legionaries, prevention of infectious diseases, meals, supplies of food, clothing, footwear, weapons and ammunition. Another vital issue was caring for the horses, which were the Brigade's basic means of transport, and providing veterinary service. The dispatches also formulated guidelines as to leaves, people's assignment to units, promotions, decorations, keeping record of the fallen by chaplains, taking care of the graves or saving various materials. The issues addressed in the dispatches, subject to normalization, reflect the daily routine of front life, the organization of the army and the soldiers' living standards. They also indirectly indicate the poor economic situation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the general worsening of the living conditions after two years of war.

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1 Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

1 Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

2 Oettingen U.

1 Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach

1 2010

1 2008

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Zaangażowanie rodziny Pusłowskich w rozwój przemysłu na Litwie i w Królestwie Polskim w XIX i w początkach XX wieku

THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF POLISH LEGIONARIES IN VOLHYNIA IN 1916 IN THE LIGHT OF MILITARY DISPATCHES (Zycie codzienne legionistów polskich na Wolyniu w 1916 roku (w swietle odpraw wojskowych))