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Kategoryzacja i oznakowanie więźniów w łagrach na Kołymie w latach 1944-1956

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Marciniak W., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. H.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2009

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vol. 84

EN

In the years 1944-1956 the prisoners of Kolyma forced-labour camps (lagry) were divided into three main categories. They were imprisoned in three types of camps, i.e. Corrective Labour Camps (ITL), Hard Labour Camps (katorznyje, KTR) and - since 1948 - Special Camps (OL). The system of Kolyma special camps was named BERLAG (bieregovoj - ‘shore camp’). In the aforementioned kinds of camps prisoners were subject to the respective regimes, with the relatively most lenient in the ITL camps. They had to bear all the hardships of existence in the forced-labour camp, yet a range of possibilities to survive was, in that case, comparatively wide, rhey could work in the kitchen, the administration of the camp or the utility rooms. Those were the possibilities, which the prisoners of the other camps were deprived of. Nevertheless, more than an inconvenience, even in the ITL was, forced coexistence with the criminal prisoners, who usually harassed and tormented other inmates. The second category was katorga (KTR), prepared, above all, for the prisoners accused of political crimes. They were given identification numbers, which was a change in comparison with the ITL. The convicts were forced to do hardest the most severe labour in mines and could not hold any posts inside the camp. They were treated with rigid strictness by the guards, who put them in fetters on their way to the mines and were permanently in charge. The last group constited of the prisoners of the special camps, which were created all over the Soviet Union after 1948, specially for political prisoners. Eventually, the majority of Polish prisoners, both from the ITL and the KTR, were transfered to the Special Camps, with new identification numbers. Relocation meant a change for a worse for many of them. Special Camps constituted a separate and different structure. Specially trained officers of the MWD (Ministerstvo vnutrennich det) were the escorts and guards. Discipline was somewhat similar to that in the KTR camps. The prisoners were put in fetters while going to their work destination and worked in the most difficult conditions. For example the uranium ore mining. The only favourable change was the separation from criminal prisoners, as it put an the terror they had spread in other camps to an end.

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Refleksje o historycznych reminiscencjach i podstawowych celach polityki międzynarodowej Rosji w przemówieniu Władimira Putina z 18 marca 2014 r.

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Marciniak W.

Społeczeństwo i Polityka

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2020

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issue 2(63)

147-164

PL

Rosyjska agresja na Ukrainę w 2014 r. wywołała kryzys międzynarodowy i skutkowała sankcjami Unii Europejskiej przeciw Federacji Rosyjskiej. 18.03.2014 r. w Moskwie podpisano układ o włączeniu Republiki Krym (wraz z miastem Sewastopol) do Rosji. Tego dnia prezydent Władimir Putin wygłosił przemówienie, w którym uzasadniał aneksję fragmentu terytorium Ukrainy. Odniósł się w nim także do międzynarodowej pozycji Rosji po upadku Związku Radzieckiego po kryzys ukraiński. Wydarzenia ostatnich kilku dekad Rosji wypełniły dużą część przemówienia prezydenta. Punktem odniesienia do ich interpretacji zdaje się być teza Putina z 2005 r. o upadku ZSRR jako „największej geopolitycznej tragedii XX w.”. Jego zdaniem od 1991 r. narastał konflikt państw Zachodu z Rosją, spowodowany ekspansją polityczną państw NATO (głównie USA) na Wschód. Rosja nie może zaś dać się zepchnąć na margines stosunków międzynarodowych. Celem rosyjskiej polityki zagranicznej jest zatem odzyskanie miejsca, jakie w relacjach z Zachodem zajmował niegdyś Związek Radziecki.

EN

The Russian military aggression against Ukraine in 2014 triggered an international crisis and was causing the European Union’s sanctions against Russian Federation. On 18 March 2014 in Moscow the treaty on accession of the Republic of Crimea (including Sevastopol) to Russia was signed. On that day president Vladimir Putin delivered a speech, in which he justified annexation part of Ukrainian territory. He also reffered to international position of Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union until the Ukrainian crisis. Events of the last few decades history of Russia took up a large part of the president’s speech. It seems that a referent point to their interpretation is Putin’s thesis from 2005 about the collapse of the Soviet Union as “the greatest geopolitical tragedy of the 20th century”. He claimed that since 1991 the conflict between the West and Russia has continued to grow coused a political eastward expansion of NATO countries (mainly the United States). Russia shall not be pushed to the margins of international relations. The aim of the Russian’s foreign policy is to recover a position that the Soviet Union had in relations with the West.

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Uwagi o genezie polsko-radzieckiej umowy repatriacyjnej z 6 lipca 1945 r.

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Marciniak W., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F.-H.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2013

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vol. 91

RU

Переговоры относительно заключения советско-польского соглашения о репатриации велись с лета 1944 г. Их вели московские представительства Польского комитета национального освобождения, а позже Временного Правительства ПР. Главным вопросом была проблема гражданства, т.к. советские власти большинство граждан II Польской Республики, пребывающих на их территории, признавали гражданами СССР. Разрабатываемое соглашение в первую очередь должно было регулировать правовое положение польских ссыльных, а затем позволить им на легальную репатриацию. Представляемые с апреля 1945 г. советской стороне проекты документа не оказали существенного влияния на окончательную форму соглашения, которое было написано согласно замыслам советов и вскоре оказалось невозможным для внедрения в жизнь, тем самым требовало пересмотра на дипломатическом уровне.

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“An internal matter for the Soviet Union”. The attitude of the Polish Embassy in Moscow towards problems with changing the citizenship of Polish repatriates from the depths of the Soviet Union in 1945

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Marciniak W.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2023

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vol. 2

73-81

EN

After concluding the Polish-Soviet repatriation agreement (6 July 1945), the Soviet Union (the USSR) started preparing for the evacuation of Polish exiles: victims of the Soviet deportation from the years 1940–1941. It soon became apparent that those who wanted to return to Poland were required to undergo the procedure of changing citizenship. The exiles had to prove they had been Polish citizens prior to 17 September 1939. The majority of them did not have the documents that could confirm this, thus, the planned repatriation was under threat. In the autumn of 1945, the Polish Embassy in Moscow took action to make the procedure of changing citizenship easier, and finally mass repatriation began.

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Kategoryzacja i oznakowanie więźniów w łagrach na Kołymie w latach 1944-1956

Refleksje o historycznych reminiscencjach i podstawowych celach polityki międzynarodowej Rosji w przemówieniu Władimira Putina z 18 marca 2014 r.

Uwagi o genezie polsko-radzieckiej umowy repatriacyjnej z 6 lipca 1945 r.

“An internal matter for the Soviet Union”. The attitude of the Polish Embassy in Moscow towards problems with changing the citizenship of Polish repatriates from the depths of the Soviet Union in 1945