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EN
The purpose of this article is to present data concerning readership of independent publications in the period after the introduction of martial law. The author mainly analyses survey-based data collected ex post, including the results of recent studies which have not been published yet. The data collected documents significant differences in the access to underground publications in various sizes of centres, in groups of various educational background and in environments declaring different opposition behaviour. It is a good indicator of the range of influence of the opposition of the time.
PL
I nterpretacje ruchu „Solidarność” są zbliżone do klasycznych podejść w teoriach ruchów społecznych, z których każda inaczej rozumie społeczny mechanizm napędza- jący ich działanie. Celem artykułu jest uporządkowanie tych interpretacji, funkcjonu- jących w literaturze socjologicznej, krajowej i zagranicznej (i na ogół słabo znanych historykom). Autor wyodrębnia podejścia ujmujące „Solidarność” jako ruch klasowy, postrzegające jego powstanie jako reakcję na kryzys systemu oraz takie, w których za siłę napędową ruchu uznaje się działania opozycji demokratycznej, a także dwa rodzaje metod nawiązujących do tzw. teorii nowych ruchów społecznych. Według autora żadne z opisanych podejść teoretycznych nie ujmuje dynamiki ruchu „Solidarności” w całej jego złożoności, w szczególności zaś nie wyjaśnia jego rozmiarów i długotrwałych kon- sekwencji kulturowych. Poszczególne z nich wskazują jednak na ważne aspekty jego działania i tworzą podstawę do dalszych bardziej syntetycznych badań.
EN
T he “Solidarity” Movement is interpreted similarly to the classical approach discus- sed in the theories of social movements, each of which defines the social mechanism fuelling its activities in a different way. The aim of the article is to structure the inter - pretations used in the national and international literature on sociology (usually by relatively obscure historians). The author discusses “Solidarity” as a class movement by explaining its emergence as a reaction to the system crisis, fuelled by the activities of the democratic opposition, as well as two types of methods referring to the so-called theo- ry of new social movements. The author claims that none of the described theoretical approaches reflect the entire complexity of the dynamics of the “Solidarity” movement; in particular, they do not explain its aims and long-term cultural effects. However, the author emphasizes the important results of its activities and lays foundations for furt- her research of a more synthetic nature.
EN
The aim of the article is to present quantity data collected by the author constituting the basis for the social characteristic of regular activists involved in opposition activities in the 1980s at the local level. It is the result of contemporary sociological studies, in which the author, based on environmental contacts, reached local opposition circles and carried out survey studies. It shows that groups of opposition activists in particular centers were significantly different from the sociological point of view and recruited from different social environments. It seems, however, that in all of the analyzed centers, the activists recruited from persons formerly involved in opposition activities, declaring anti-system attitudes. A characteristic trait common to all former underground activists is their inclination to engage in social activities, which they have retained to this day.
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