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Roviny novodobé lužickosrbské etnické identity

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EN
The text concentrates on issues concerning the beginnings, development and current situation of the Sorbian ethnicity and ethnic identity in the region of Lusatia (Germany) from 1800 to the present. The given phenomenon is observed throughout the course of the 19th century which: 1) accelerated the transformation of Sorbs into the modern era ethnic group, enabling them to undergo a relatively successful “national revival”; 2) the same period, however, saw the acceleration of the language and ethnic assimilation (Germanization). Furthermore, attention is paid to the development, specifi c features, quests, possibilities and limits in the field of Sorbian ethnic consciousness in the 20th and 21st centuries; emphasis is laid on the present-day situation. Closer analyses and ensuing interpretations focus on social and psychological factors of the given problem range, as well as on political connotations. A dichotomous situation between the primordial and (post) modernist approaches to understanding ethnicity in Lusatia is also commented on in detail. Finally, the role of Sorbian elements as the common denominator of Lusatian regionalism is dealt with as well.
EN
The basic sociolinguistic questionnaire survey on some aspects of the present-day ethnolinguistic situation among the youth of the Kalmyk Republic (Russian Federation) confirmed a number of expected facts and hypotheses. In the main it is the considerable domination of Russian over the Kalmyk language. Specific is also the level of ethnic consciousness, at which the declaration of Kalmyk nationality prevails among the respondents of Kalmyk background; this fact, nevertheless, frequently ranges between the confines of ethnic and civil concepts of “nationality” and the link to the Kalmyk language competence is not strict and binding either. At the same time, the statistical processing of the survey, however, showed crucial differences between respondents depending on the type of study, sex and place of origin; the calculation of the (non)homogeneity of responses yielded highly informative findings. It was the students of the lower secondary school in Šin Mer village (one of the few places where Kalmyk is still the language of communication of all generations) which emerged as “the most Kalmyk” out of the investigation. Students of Kalmyk Studies at the Kalmyk University came second. Thus, despite much progress and success in the field of ethnic-linguistic revitalization, the level of Kalmyk identity and language problems of Kalmykia remain a multivalent and open issue.
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