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Stan Rzeczy
|
2011
|
issue 1(1)
146-154
PL
Artykuł przedstawia poglądy Karla Polanyiego na tle myśli pierwszej połowy XX wieku. Zrekonstruowane w nim zostały główne tezy Wielkiej Transformacji dotyczące formowania się dziewiętnastowiecznego kapitalizmu, który niszczył dawne struktury, i nowoczesnego społeczeństwa, które zapoznało jego rolę.
EN
The article presents the ideas of Karl Polanyi against the background of worldview of the first half of 20th century. It reconstructs basic concepts of The Great Transformation, concerning capitalism in 19th century, destroyed old structures, and modern society, which misinterpreted the role of the market exchange.
EN
This paper compares Poland and Sweden in the second half of eighteenth century, as two, poorly developed, agrarian countries. Sweden secured its existence, but Poland did not manage to break out of a political dependency and ultimately vanished from the map. We would like to discuss the causes of these different outcomes. Contemporary interpretations underline the role of reasonable fiscal policy. We argue that in this particular case this explanation is insufficient. Contrary to that, our analysis shows that in the context of short term political risks, expansive fiscal policy which led to unpayable debt may be more justifiable than policy of balanced budget.
PL
Occupational structure of the Polish lands at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Summary)The authors present a new picture of the occupational structure of the Polish lands at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The article is based on the population censuses, carried out in Russia in 1897 and in Austria in 1900, as well as on the German economic census, conducted in 1895. In order to obtain reliable results, the authors have corrected errors found in the censuses in question. With the removal of the errors, they have been able to reconstruct the employment structures from which we can derive a more precise picture of the economic situation of the Polish lands at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The examination of the problem in question has made it possible for the authors to verify the long held view that the technological revolution in Polish lands took place at the turn of the 70s and 80s of the nineteenth century. The corrected census data show that the level of industrialization of the Polish lands in about 1900 was still very limited.
EN
An escape from backwardness? The Polish transformation as a modernization project (Summary)The authors discuss the late professor Jacek Kochanowicz’s views on Poland’s backwardness and its modernization in the period of the country’s transformation after 1989. The main purpose of the article is to reconstruct Kochanowicz’s interpretation of the process of the systemic transformation, understood as a modernization project. In the paper the authors begin by presenting Kochanowicz’s opinions on the causes of Poland’s backwardness, especially those originating in Polish history. The discussion of the way Kochanowicz saw the causes of Poland’s backwardness is followed by the exposition of the way in which he interpreted the process of Poland’s transformation. In conclusion, the authors attempt to outline Kochanowicz’s view of Poland’s development in the following decades, stressing his skepticism as to the country’s chances of a rapid and successful modernization.
PL
In the course of several decades the People’s Republic of Poland witnessed a number of attempts at reforming the economic system and undertaken, as a rule, upon the occasions of grave political crises and social revolts. Part of those reform programmes was created by milieus independent of the authorities or at the very least engaged in efforts to preserve the greatest possible autonomy. The presented text analyses reform programmes proposed after the revolt of 1956 and at the time of the first Solidarity movement (1980–1981). While analysing the texts of the planned economic solutions the authors demonstrated that the changes recommended by circles not connected with the communist authorities (or, as in 1956, endeavouring to preserve a certain degree of independence) did not exceed far beyond the range of a widely comprehended socialist economy. The authors of the reforms in question did not aim at constructing a new economic system, but rather tried to introduce solutions referring to the conception of market socialism.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja historycznego produktu krajowego (PKB) ziem polskich na przełomie XIX i XX w. Jest to pierwszy w polskiej historiografii gospodarczej spójny szacunek PKB dla poszczególnych dzielnic zaborczych oraz całości ziem polskich w latach 1900 i 1910, w podwójnym ujęciu – w granicach z przełomu XIX i XX w. oraz w granicach współczesnych. Badanie oparto na szerokiej bazie statystycznej, w obliczeniach dochodów na poziomie dzielnic i PKB ogółem zastosowano metodę produktową oraz bottom-up, część obliczeń przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem regresji liniowej. Artykuł składa się z pięciu podrozdziałów: omówienie stanu badań, zakres terytorialny badania, źródła, metoda, wyniki i ich interpretacja. W zakończeniu przedstawiono wnioski i dezyderaty dotyczące dalszych prac w tej dziedzinie. Regional development of the Polish lands under partitions. A comparison of the level of gross product per capita in the territories of modern Poland at the turn of the twentieth century (results of first estimations)The article presents a reconstruction of historic gross domestic product (GDP) in the Polish lands at the turn of the twentieth century. This is the first in the Polish economic historiography comprehensive GDP estimate for individual partitions and the whole Polish territory in 1900 and 1910, in a double approach: within the frontiers at the turn of the nineteenth century and within the present ones. The study has been based on a broad statistical basis, the calculations of income on the level of partitions and total GDP have been performed with the output method and bottom-up method, part of the computations has been made with the use of simple linear regression. The article is divided into five parts: 1) a description of the present state of research, 2) a territorial scope of the study, 3) sources, 4) methods, 5) results and their interpretation. The closing part contains conclusions and proposition for further research in the field.
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