Search results - CEJSH

1

POLISH PRESS IN PRISON CAMPSIN ITALY DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (Polska prasa w obozach jencow we Wloszech w czasach I wojny swiatowej)

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Homola-Skapska I.

Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej

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2010

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vol. 13

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issue 1-2(25-26)

117-131

EN

The article discusses the Polish weeklies published in France and Italy during the First World War: 'Jeniec Polak' (Le Puy), 'Polak' (Paris), 'Zolnierz polski we Wloszech' (La Mandria). These publications provide an invaluable historical source of information about the situation of Polish soldiers in prison camps.

2

Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1734-1794). The concept of epigenesis and the problem of spontaneous generation

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Bednarczyk A.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2005

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vol. 50

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issue 3-4

59-86

EN

The link between the notion of epigenesis and that of spontaneous generation does not seem complicated when it is viewed in theoretical terms or when it is approached in a pure model form. However, once any of its particular manifestations in the history of biology is analysed, the interrelationship between the two notions ceases to be unequivocal. One example of that comes with the first fully-fledged concept of epigenesis, based on careful observation of embryonic development, presented by Caspar Friedrich Wolff in the 18th century. The process of development that an act of spontaneous generation has given rise to cannot, of course, be anything else but one of epigenesis. In this sense, epigenesis constitutes a necessary condition for spontaneous generation, but is not a sufficient condition, i.e. not every process of development through epigenesis has at its source an act of spontaneous generation. Evidence that Wolff was inclined towards the concept of spontaneous generation comes from the presence in his works of a notion described by the Latin term 'ortus' (emergence). That notion - together with that of an organic body - is subject to detailed analysis in the current paper. If the process of spontaneous generation is understood as a process of emergence in nature of what is animate and organic, from what is inanimate and non-organic, and as a process in which living beings are not involved, but a living being is its outcome, then the notion of 'ortus' is close in meaning to the notion of spontaneous generation. However, the deistic and theological philosophical foundation of Wolff's concept of epigenesis is in conflict with the notion of spontaneous generation. It seems that Wolff's notion of 'ortus' can be interpreted in two ways. Firstly, it can be interpreted as as result of the theoretical extrapolation in time applied by Wolff to the usual way in which organic bodies emerge (the process is always given rise to by a non-organic body, supplied by another organic body), all the way back to that the distant moment when the first organic body in time was to emerge; this extrapolation has been reconstructed in detail in the current paper. Secondly, the notion of 'ortus' can be also interpreted as a special kind of heterogenesis, a process which is given rise to by an organic body, but which produces living beings that do not deserve the name of organic bodies - beings that are poorly differentiated in terms of morphology and organization, and thus devoid of distinct species membership, such as simple algae, moulds, internal parasites etc. If that is a correct interpretation, then in neither case would Wolff's ideas have anything to do with real spontaneous generation in the strict sense.

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THE PRICE OF LIFE, THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE JEWS ON THE 'ARYAN SIDE' (Cena zycia - ekonomiczne uwarunkowania egzystencji Zydów po 'aryjskiej stronie')

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Berendt G.

Zaglada Zydów. Studia i Materialy (Holocaust. Studies and Materials)

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2008

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vol. 4

110-143

EN

The texts deals primarily with two issues: means of support of the Jews who, despite the German's will, found themselves outside specifically designated areas (ghettos, camps), and the economic situation of the Aryan population, whose help was necessary for their survival on the 'Aryan side'. The author describes the process of gradual reduction of property remaining in Jewish hands, and, in part, the phenomenon of taking over the property of those already exterminated. The sources of legal and illegal income to cover maintenance are identified. The author indicates the dynamics of predatory exploitation of Polish territories by the German occupier and concludes that an overwhelming majority of Aryan but non-German inhabitants of Poland, during the mass escapes of Jews from the ghettos and camps (1942-1943), were not in a position to offer them long-term, disinterested material help. The article deals with both those offering help for humanistic reasons and those who treated the Jews as a source of additional income, either fulfilling the arrangements or failing to do so to the detriment of the Jewish contractors.

4

Everyday life of Jews in Kozienice during the German occupation

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Skibinska A.

Zaglada Zydów. Studia i Materialy (Holocaust. Studies and Materials)

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2007

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vol. 3

64-86

EN

The article concerns the conditions of life in the Jewish district and the ghetto closed since January 1942: food, forced labor, overpopulation, the religious, family and social life (for example there used to be a primary school there). It also refers to the help rendered to Jews by Poles, and generally the Polish-Jewish relations in that small town in the center of Poland inhabited by ca. ten thousand people, located in the District of Radom of the former GG. Jews constituted a half of the entire community of Kozienice, many of them were Hassids. It used to be one of the important Hassidic centers on the Polish soil, established in the 18th Century by tzadik Israel ben Sabatai known as the Magid of Kozienice. In the article, also the action of liquidation of the ghetto in September 1942 is mentioned and the sale of the Jewish property taken from the people sent to Treblinka. The text is based on the archival documents (the files of Judenrat from Kozienice), the press (Gazeta Zydowska /The Jewish daily) and memoirs and testimonies as well as direct interviews.

5

POLITICAL AND MILITARY ACTIVITY OF JAN, JAKUB AND STEFAN POTOCKI IN THE PERIOD OF THE SMOLENSK CAMPAIGN (Dzialalnosc polityczno-wojskowa Jana, Jakuba i Stefana Potockich w okresie kampanii smolenskiej)

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Kupczewska M.

Białostockie Teki Historyczne

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2010

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vol. 8

27-46

EN

The article deals with the topic of political and military activity of the brothers: Jan, Jakub and Stefan Potocki of the Pilawa coat of arms during the 1609-1613 Smolensk campaign. The relations the Potocki brothers had with Grand Hetman of the Crown - Stanislaw Zólkiewski, Grand Chancellor of Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Lew Sapieha, other senators and leaders and, naturally, king Sigismund III Vasa are of special interest. The Potocki brothers' activities in Smolensk may be considered as a proof that they purposefully and successfully shaped their own image, presenting themselves as outstanding leaders. Although hetman Zólkiewski was the chief leader of the Moscow campaign and during the first stage also the leader of the Smolensk army, the Potocki brothers played a significant role. After Zólkiewski's return from Moscow, they not only refused to get subordinated to their - much more experienced and prominent - colleague but retained influence on activities of the army gathered under the stronghold. The issue of Jan Potocki's regalism is of special interest. He was not enthusiastic about taking part in the, suggested by the king, expedition to the capital of the Moscow State, thus, overtly opposing Sigismund III. This proves that - for Potocki - being faithful to the king did not mean being unconditionally subordinated. It cannot be denied that the brothers were the King's valuable advisors under Smolensk, even though he would not always accept their suggestions. The Potocki brothers jealously protected their image of the best leaders and spared no efforts not to let their success of conquering Smolensk be overshadowed by other leaders' deeds. The Potocki brothers' activities are an example of military careers of rich nobility aspiring to the magnate class.

6

Relations between the Daily 'Czas' and Krakow's Press and Conservative Press in the Years 1920-1934

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Toczek A.

Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej

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2007

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vol. 10

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issue 2(20)

95-121

EN

Published at the times of the Second Republic of Poland, the leading conservative daily 'Czas' enjoyed widespread respect among the Krakow press. The author analyses relationships between the daily and other papers (both friendly and adversary). The former included the Christian Democratic periodical 'Glos Narodu' and the socialist 'Naprzód', while the latter included Poznan's 'Dziennik Poznanski' and Warsaw's 'Dzien Polski'. Due to differences in their political agendas, the Krakow daily maintained a distanced attitude towards the Vilnius' 'Slowo'.

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THE MONKS OF BYZANTINE EGYPT (4-7TH CENTURIES). AN ATTEMPT AT A COLLECTIVE PORTRAIT (Stan mnichow w Egipcie bizantyjskim (IV-VIII wiek). Proba nakreslenia zbiorowego portretu)

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Wipszycka E.

U Schyłku Starożytności. Studia Źrodłoznawcze

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2009

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vol. 8

175-215

EN

The portrait of the monastic milieu in Byzantine Egypt, as presented in this paper, has no pretence of being complete. It uses various sources: literary texts (apophthegms, in particular), documents written on papyrus and ostraca, remains of monks' dwellings. It aims at throwing light on a number of points, such as: the procedures necessary for a candidate to enter a monastic community; the monks' social background; literacy among the monks; hierarchic order regulating community life; the monks' everyday interpersonal relationships, especially the kinds of conflicts arising among them and the ways of solving them; the mobility of the monks before the introduction of the principle of stabilitas loci; the attitude of the Church and of public opinion towards those who gave up the cowl.

8

'U Medulinu ima mnogo Čeha na kupanju ---' : czech tourism in the upper Adriatic before and after the First World War

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Kavrecic P., Klabjan B.

Slovanské historické studie (Slavonic Historical Studies)

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2007

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vol. 32

91-102

EN

Influenced by development trends in thermal tourism in the 19th century the coasts of the upper Adriatic area become gradually important tourist destinations. The Czechs were among the most numerous tourists, but in the centres along the Adriatic Sea numerous Czechs managed hotels and were involved in the tourist development of the area. The First World War put an end to the successful growth and development of tourist destinations in the Upper Adriatic. Tourism was significantly affected by tense national and political-diplomatic relations between Italy and Yugoslavia. The number of guests coming from Czechoslovakia and other provinces of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the immediate post-war period declined. But in the following years the tourism economy gradually recovered.

9

Vybrané aspekty maďarské zahraniční politiky na počátku 30. let 20. století

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Septak M.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2010

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vol. 96

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issue 3-4

263-282

EN

The article introduces Hungarian diplomacy with special attention paid to Austria and Italy in the early 1930s on the basis of unpublished Czechoslovak, German and Austrian resources and published Austrian and Czechoslovak resources. The Hungarian foreign policy co-established by the Prime Minister Istvan Bethlen desired to increase collaboration on the Rome-Vienna-Budapest axis which was to prevent isolation of the country and reinforce its revisionist requirements. There were advantageous political and economical conditions for such collaboration between the concerned nations in their desire to break the post-war status quo. The second part of the essay analyses Hungarian attitude towards the German-Austrian customs union. The standpoint of the Danube state was determined by two circumstances - attitudes of the local agrarian circles and of the most significant ally - Italy. Although the scheme may have brought a certain degree of revival at the time of catastrophic impacts of the world economical crisis, the Hungarian government assumed a wait-and-see attitude focused on acquiring political concessions. The article concludes with an analysis of Bethlen's reasons for resignation in August 1931.

10

THE PEACE TREATY OF TRIANON IN THE LIGHT OF THE HUNGARIAN PRESS IN THE EARLY 20S THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (Traktat pokojowy w Trianon w swietle prasy wegierskiej na poczatku lat 20. XX w.)

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Lechowska M.

Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

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2009

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vol. 44

EN

no abstract submitted

11

SOURCES TO STUDYING THE HISTORY OF THE MODERN HOUSE IN GDANSK IN THE RECORDS OF THE 'VETO COURT' (17TH - 18TH C.) (Zrodla do dziejow nowozytnego domu gdanskiego w materialach Sadu Wetowego (XVII-XVIII w.))

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Kizik E.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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2007

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vol. 55

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issue 2

161-175

EN

Previous research on house-building in modern Gdansk has not taken into consideration the records of the so-called 'Veto Court' (German Wettegericht), kept in the State archive in Gdansk. The Veto Court was a municipal office responsible for the execution of local regulations concerning trade and order, as well as for preventing unplanned building. Since the end of the 16th c. building a house required a planning permission from the Veto Court, which was issued on the basis of advice from expert carpenters and bricklayers appointed by the respective guilds. The permissions preserved cover over 200 years, from the end of the 16th c. to the turn of the 19th c., without significant gaps. The preliminary survey that was the basis of the present article concerned two books which recorded permissions from 1599-1698 and 1698-1746, and 12 sets of documents from the period between the mid 18th c. and 1814, containing notes from inspections of building sites. Altogether, the corpus available contains the impressive number of 8005 permissions from the years 1599-1745 and over 1000 expert opinions from the period between 1746 until the beginning of the 19th c. The formalized records, apart from the name, profession and position of the owner of the property, specify the place, the type of object, its size and location within the whole building and in relation to adjacent buildings, the character of the work planned, its scope and the material to be used. In some cases the Court set extra conditions, e.g. concerning the extent to which terraces, doorsteps, roofs, stalls and other annexes could protrude into the street. In cases of erecting a house after a demolition, or of restructuring an existing one, it was customary to include the measurements of both the old and the new building. In addition to surveying the sources, the author attempted a preliminary chronological tabulation of the material from the years 1599-1745. This has disclosed periods of boom and recession in house building. The yearly average for the 17th c. is 62, while for the years 1701-1745 only 38. Generally, in contrast with the boom in the first half of the 17th c. in the first half of the 18th c. saw a downward trend in the construction trade. The data from the Veto Court permissions can be analyzed quantitatively, e.g. concentrating on a sociotopographic criterion (the owner's profession), a structural element (terraces, stalls, shacks, dwelling cellars, industrial buildings), construction techniques and materials (brick, timber-framed or wooden houses), the activity of master carpenters and bricklayers, etc. Correlating those sources with other huge corpora of documents (e.g. probate inventories, guild records, land registers) can lead to very interesting results, contributing to a synthesis of the history of house-building in modern Gdansk.

12

SOVIET 'AMBIVALENCE' CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF U. N. ARMED FORCES (1946-1947)

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Chmielewski P.

Dzieje Najnowsze

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2004

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issue 2

135-154

EN

The postulate of outfitting the new international security organisation with suitable armed forces appeared already at the onset of work on the organisation's statute, and was recorded in the United Nations Charter (chapter VII, articles 42-49). Article 46 in particular foresaw the establishment of a Military Staff Committee, whose task was to devise principles and create the international armed forces of the United Nations Organisation. The animosity of Soviet diplomacy, evident from the very beginning, towards a rapid and effective creation of this sort of an organ of the U. N. Security Council, as well as the political obstruction of the Soviet delegation disclosed during sessions of the Military Staff Committee working on the principles of setting up such an armed force, were the reason why the task in question was never realised. The author examines the establishment of the Military Staff Committee and, predominantly, the activity of the Soviet delegation during the first two years of its existence.

13

K rukopisnému dochování Bonaventurova Breviloquia

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Hradilova M.

Studie o rukopisech (Manuscript Studies)

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2010

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vol. 39

299-304

EN

This article deals with the manuscripts of Bonaventura's Breviloquium held in Czech manuscript collections. The author compares data available from the list of these manuscripts in Opera omnia V (Quaracchi-Florentia 1891) with data from catalogues of individual manuscript collections to make the number of the manuscripts preserved in our libraries more accurate. He recommends the manuscripts themselves should be dealt with to obtain more precise data.

14

Sovětizace jako výkladový problém

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Vykoukal J.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2007

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vol. 15

287-301

EN

The paper focuses on interpretation of Sovietisation as a matter of geography, chronology, and a political process. As a consequence of the Cold War period the interpretations of Sovietisation, being under the strong impact of manichean conceptions of the postwar development as well as of the propaganda schemes, have focused either on internal transformation or on the Soviet expansionism following the turn at the Eastern front in 1943. The paper tries to define fundamental features of Sovietisation in terms of a comparative framework manifesting the affinities and differences of political and socio-economic processes taking place in both, Western and East Central Europe as well. The main goal is to grasp Sovietisation as a process which can be understood within the context of other historical trends emerging in modern European history and not only as a part of exclusively post-war development.

15

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ARCHIVES AND CHANCERY OF THE KOSCIAN CASTLE COURT FROM 1750, 1755, AND 1772 (Opisy archiwum i kancelarii grodu koscianskiego z lat 1750, 1755 i 1772)

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Chodyla Z.

Roczniki Historyczne

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2008

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vol. 74

193-208

EN

The paper presents three descriptions of the archives and chancery of the Koscian castle court (Grodamt) from the years listed in the title, included in the Koscian castle court records of the same years housed in the State Archive in Poznan. They were written down in the form of visitations (formal inspections) at the request of local chancery clerks. The first description is dated 31 December 1750 and presents the technical state of the brick or stone cellar adjacent to the wall of the parochial church in Koscian, serving as the archive of the castle court office. The second one, dated 5 May 1755, describes the changes introduced in it after renovation, the state of records preservation and devotes one sentence to the chancery. The last one, from 15 June 1772, deals only with the timber house of the chancery (stressing the damages done by Russian soldiers and Bar confederates during the years 1768-1772). Sources of this type allow to understand material and technical conditions in which a chancery and its archive functioned, as well as the state of preservation, ways of ordering and conserving their records.

16

The Activity of Poles and Polish Military Movement before the Outbreak of the World War I (1908-1914)

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Wrzosek M.

Studia Podlaskie

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2007

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vol. 17

7-52

EN

The article has been devoted to Polish military preparations at the time of increased tensions in international relations and precipitated outbreak of a serious military conflict. These tensions were escalating among main European countries at the turn of the first and second decade of the 20th century. They aroused hope as to the possible appearance of a chance to resolve the Polish cause. In the background, however, a noted dispute about the so called orientations erupted, that is whether it was advisable to side with Russia or Austria-Hungary in case of a serious military conflict between the occupants hoping that the Austrian-Polish solution of the Polish cause would take effect. Roman Dmowski's advocates opted for Russia in this conflict and they supported his concepts in all partitions. Whereas the active group of Polish political activists in Galicia opted for siding Austria-Hungary. They mostly represented a Cracovian fraction of the 'Stronnictwo Prawicy Narodowej' (National Right Wing Association), (so-called 'stanczycy') and 'Polskie Stronnictwo Demokratyczne' (Polish Democratic Party). Józef Pilsudski partly opted for this orientation too, who, however, was most of all an advocate of armed struggle for independence. He also believed in the necessity to cooperate with Austrian secret service because armed struggle required funds and military equipment. He came by a possibility of such cooperation in 1908 when the Polish underground 'Zwiazek Walki Czynnej' (Union for Armed Struggle) had already existed. Next, he was granted permission by the Austrian authorities to set up open small arms organizations. Almost simultaneously, Polish students in Galicia started to conduct an organizational-military activity, which first led to the formation of the underground organization operating as 'Armia Polska' (Polish Army), and then to the formation of 'Polskie Druzyny Strzeleckie' (Polish Rifle Squads). This article also discusses military actions of 'Towarzystwo Gimnastyczne SOKOL' (Gymnastic Society 'Falcon') and 'Druzyny Bartoszowe' (Bartosz Squads). In result of the preparations taken up by the Polish military organizations it was later possible to set up the Polish Legions after the outbreak of the World War I. Moreover, the author of this article has devoted a great deal of attention to the polemic with Ryszard Swietek's arguments included in the book entitled 'Lodowa Sciana. Sekrety polityki Józefa Pilsudskiego 1904-1918', Cracow, 1998 (Ice Wall. Secrets of Józef Pilsudski's politics 1904-1918). This polemic mostly refers to the fact that R. Swietek presents his arguments too glaringly and distorts the events connected with armed struggle for Poland's independence.

17

PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN OF THE POLISH UNITED WORKERS' PARTY (PZPR) FOLLOWING THE ADDRESS OF THE POLISH BISHOPS TO THE GERMAN BISHOPS (WROCLAW REGION)

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Mazur Z.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2007

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issue 1(322)

135-156

EN

In connection with celebrations of the anniversary of the Baptism of Poland (966) and the address of the Polish bishops to German bishops (1965), state and party authorities launched in mid-1966 a propaganda campaign directed to various social groups, particularly the rural community. An interesting element of this campaign was that officers of the Polish Army were engaged in it, and proved fairly successful in their attempts to establish contacts with clergy of the lower ranks. The article presents how the drive proceeded and its results. The study is based on surviving party documents, produced mainly by the party units of the Wrocław region.

18

Zázračná mše sv. Martina z kostela sv. Anny v Přibyslavicích u Třebíče

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Knoflicek T.

Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)

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2011

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vol. 2

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issue 1

11-22

EN

The pioneering study specifically analyzes the fragments of the medieval omural paintings of the church of St Anna in Pribyslavice discovered at the early 70s of the 20th century. In particular, it focuses on the scene situated above the sanctuary and construes it as the depiction of the miraculous mass of St Martin which is quite rare in the context of Czech and European production respectively. Its attractivity is advanced by the eucharist tone of the scene given by the setting as well as the presence of the subtle figure of the crucified Christ. In the connection with the Legend of St Martin it represents an entirely unique motive, however, it may be considered that in this context it represents a substitution of the absent motive of the revelation of the golden sphere which is mentioned by Sulpicius Severus, the first biographer of St Martin.

19

ROMANIAN-POLISH COOPERATION IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD. THE CONCLUSION OF THE POLISH-ROMANIAN 'A SMALL PRESS AGREEMENT' (Wspolpraca polsko-rumunska w okresie miedzywojennym. Zawarcie polsko-rumunskiego tzw. Malego porozumienia prasowego)

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Keller M.

Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

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2008

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vol. 43

53-59

20

THE CLANDESTINE STUDENT ORGANIZATION 'HELENA', 1950-1951

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Baziur G.

Studia Historyczne

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2008

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vol. 51

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issue 3-4

313-324

EN

This article deals with the anticommunist group 'Helena' which was set up in the student community of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow in 1950. Its founders, Walery Pisarek and Jerzy Saniewski, intended it to spread to all parts of the country. There were to be as many divisions of 'Helena', run by regional commanders, as there were voivodships (ie. seventeen). At the lowest level its members were to form groups of three, under orders from their commanders. They in turn were to carry out orders from the organization's Supreme Council. Apart from its territorial network, 'Helena' was to have a special operations task force. It should come as no surprise that those ambitious plans never came to fruition: the conspiracy could boast of just seven members. They managed nonetheless to write a handful of poems and anticommunist leaflets, apart from attempts at recruiting new members (which nearly led to the creation a cell of their organization in the village of Zofince in the Voivodeship of Lublin) and acquiring firearms in anticipation of World War III. The conspirators dreamt of establishing contacts with the political exiles in London - the difficult mission, which involved illegal border crossing, was entrusted to Marian Tatara, member of 'Helena's' Supreme Council. In early November 1951 the communist Security Service (UB) put an end to the activities of 'Helena'. The secret police had got on its trail on 3 November 1951 during a raid on another clandestine organization, the Steely Poles scout troop. Subjected to brutal investigation, the men spent a few months in prison before their case was heard by a military court. In March 1952 the Military Tribunal in Cracow sentenced six of them to terms of imprisonment ranging from two to six years. They were released one by one in 1953–1955, yet the secret police continued to keep an eye them.

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