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Women in Polish banking during the Second Polish Republic

100%
Leszczyńska C.
Studia Historiae Oeconomicae
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2019
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vol. 37
93-115
EN
This paper aims to analyse the employment of women in banking during the Second Polish Republic (i.e. interwar Poland). The banking sector was small in terms of employment. The number of people associated with this sector was 18.1 thousand in 1921 and 31.2 thousand in 1931, which accounted for 0.5-0.6% of all professionally active workers outside the agricultural sector. The banking community was dominated by men, the number of women working in banks was about 6.1 thousand in 1921 and 8.5 thousand in 1931 (30% of all human resources). This paper presents the nature of jobs performed by women, their positions and earnings. The presentation takes a number of forms: according to bank types, groups of voivodeships, size of the town and according to headquarters and branches. In all cases, the activities and earnings of women and men were compared.
2
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Polish Emigration Abroad: Regional Structure and Streams of Emigration in the Years 1870–1914 and 1918–1939

100%
Leszczyńska C.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2019
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vol. 41
177-207
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza procesów emigracyjnych z ziem polskich w latach 1870–1938, określenie ich skali, struktury w układzie regionalnym oraz oszacowanie ubytku ludności netto. W badaniu wykorzystano przede wszystkim dane powszechnych spisów ludności oraz polskie i zagraniczne statystyki emigracyjne. Przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą na poziomie grup prowincji zaborczych, grup województw i województw w okresie 1870–1938, oszacowano natężenie emigracji i ubytek netto ludności na poziomie regionalnym. Emigracja z ziem polskich, jako zjawisko masowe w końcu XIX wieku, miała charakter zarobkowy, a dominującym jej kierunkiem były Stany Zjednoczone AP oraz Niemcy. W międzywojniu liczba emigrujących zmniejszyła się i spadła liczba wyjazdów do USA i Niemiec, zaś istotnego znaczenia nabrały wjazdy do Francji i Belgii. W okresie 1870–1914 emigracja „stała (osadnicza)” w ujęciu względnym i bezwzględnym w największym stopniu dotyczyła zaboru pruskiego, następnie Galicji, w mniejszej skali Królestwa Polskiego i Kresów Wschodnich. Ubytek ludności nią wywołany dla ogółu ziem polskich oszacowano na 11,8% ludności z 1912 roku, dla dzielnicy zachodniej 30%, południowej 13%, centralnej 6%, wschodniej 10%. W okresie 1918–1938 największy ubytek ludności dotyczył województw południowo-wschodnich, następnie łódzkiego, poznańskiego i kieleckiego. Obok emigracji stałej bardzo ważna ekonomicznie i społecznie była emigracja sezonowa (Niemcy, Łotwa). Najwyższe rozmiary przybrała na przełomie XIX i XX wieku oraz w pierwszej dekadzie XX wieku.
EN
The paper aims at analyzing the processes of emigration from the territory of Poland from 1870–1938, determining their scale, regional structure and estimation of the net “loss” of population. The study primarily makes use of data from censuses as well as Polish and foreign emigration statistics. A comparative analysis was carried out at the level of provinces under foreign rule, groups of voivodeships and respective voivodeships in 1870–1938, estimating the intensity of emigration and net “loss” of population at the regional level. Emigration from the territory of Poland was a mass phenomenon at the end of the 19th century. Its characteristic feature was gainful emigration and the predominant destination was the US, followed by Germany. In the interwar period, the rate of emigration greatly decreased. The US and Germany became less popular destinations for emigrants, and emigration to France and Belgium gained in importance. In 1870–1914, permanent emigration in relative and absolute terms was the largest in the area under Prussian rule, then in Galicia, and to a lesser extent in the Kingdom of Poland and eastern regions. The “loss” of population throughout the territory of Poland due to emigration was estimated at 11.8% of the population in 1912; in the western district it was 30% of the population, in the southern district, 13%, the central, 6%, and the eastern, 10%. In the period 1918–1938 the largest “loss” of population was recorded in the south-eastern voivodeships, followed by the Łódź, Poznań and Kielce voivodeships. In addition to permanent emigration, seasonal emigration (Germany, Latvia) was important from the economic and social points of view. Its rate was the highest at the end of the 19th century and in the first decade of the 20th century.
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Jacek Kochanowicz – profesor Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

100%
Leszczyńska C.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2015
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vol. 75
PL
Jacek Kochanowicz – Professor of the Warsaw University (Summary)The article presents the person of Professor Jacek Kochanowicz, one of the most distinguished Polish economic historians of the past few decades. It discusses the role he played as a scholar, a teacher of generations of students of the Warsaw University and a lecturer at a number of foreign universities, highlighting the way in which he understood economic history – a discipline to which he devoted his scholarly life.
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Nowe formy agresywnego merkantylizmu? Polityka dewizowo-kursowa w Polsce (1945–1947)

100%
Leszczyńska C.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2008
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vol. 68
65-92
EN
Mercantilist practices applied from the onset of the modern era consisted of improving commercial and monetary instruments enabling the achievement of the targets formulated by the state. The twentieth century, in the wake of the destabilisation produced by World War I and the Great Depression, witnessed the introduction of assorted forms of mercantilism, employed for aggressive purposes in Germany during the 1930s. Some of the German solutions were subsequently used in Poland, rather due to economic necessity (trade and financial obligations) than emulation. This process involved also the introduction of trade reglamentation, the clearing system, and a ban on an unhampered foreign currency turnover at home and abroad. These regulations remained in force during the post-war period. In the then prevailing difficult economic situation, the Polish financial authorities (the ministry of finance and the central bank) treated neo-mercantilism as a 'normal' and objectively justified phenomenon. At the same time, it was assumed that neo-mercantilism could be regarded as a temporary solution and that the progressing stabilisation of the economy would turn it in a direction outlined by international financial institutions. The geopolitical situation, however, decided otherwise. The evolution of the economic system imposed upon Poland and other countries of East-Central Europe by the USSR was the reason why aggressive mercantilism became the weapon of economic and ideological rivalry with the West.
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Level of living of Polish citizens in the interwar period, and its diversification

100%
Leszczyńska C.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2016
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vol. 76
PL
The paper focuses on the analysis of the variety of standards of living within the society of interwar Poland. These were determined primarily by individual streams of income and the scope and availability of public services. The standard of living is represented through the analysis of the range of income and remuneration within basic social and professional groups, housing conditions, and the level of schooling. It needs to be added that the image of the standard of living of various social groups is incomplete, with biggest gaps appearing in the study of small trade (merchant activity, craft, cottage industry) and some groups within the peasant population.
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Dariusz Stola, Kraj bez wyjścia? Migracje z Polski 1949–1989, Warszawa 2010

88%
Leszczyńska C.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2012
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vol. 72
7
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Rozwój regionalny ziem polskich pod zaborami. Porównanie poziomu produktu brutto per capita na dzisiejszych terenach Polski na przełomie XIX i XX w. (wyniki pierwszych estymacji)

51%
Bukowski M., Koryś P., Leszczyńska C., Tymiński M.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2017
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vol. 78
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja historycznego produktu krajowego (PKB) ziem polskich na przełomie XIX i XX w. Jest to pierwszy w polskiej historiografii gospodarczej spójny szacunek PKB dla poszczególnych dzielnic zaborczych oraz całości ziem polskich w latach 1900 i 1910, w podwójnym ujęciu – w granicach z przełomu XIX i XX w. oraz w granicach współczesnych. Badanie oparto na szerokiej bazie statystycznej, w obliczeniach dochodów na poziomie dzielnic i PKB ogółem zastosowano metodę produktową oraz bottom-up, część obliczeń przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem regresji liniowej. Artykuł składa się z pięciu podrozdziałów: omówienie stanu badań, zakres terytorialny badania, źródła, metoda, wyniki i ich interpretacja. W zakończeniu przedstawiono wnioski i dezyderaty dotyczące dalszych prac w tej dziedzinie. Regional development of the Polish lands under partitions. A comparison of the level of gross product per capita in the territories of modern Poland at the turn of the twentieth century (results of first estimations)The article presents a reconstruction of historic gross domestic product (GDP) in the Polish lands at the turn of the twentieth century. This is the first in the Polish economic historiography comprehensive GDP estimate for individual partitions and the whole Polish territory in 1900 and 1910, in a double approach: within the frontiers at the turn of the nineteenth century and within the present ones. The study has been based on a broad statistical basis, the calculations of income on the level of partitions and total GDP have been performed with the output method and bottom-up method, part of the computations has been made with the use of simple linear regression. The article is divided into five parts: 1) a description of the present state of research, 2) a territorial scope of the study, 3) sources, 4) methods, 5) results and their interpretation. The closing part contains conclusions and proposition for further research in the field.
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