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EN
The paper presents Kotarbinski's reism in two versions: ontological (only things exist) and semantic (abstract expressions have sense only when they can be reduced to concrete expressions). It discusses the relation between reism and other, similar views. It shows the prospects for, and limitations of, the realisation of the semantic reism programme. Finally it responds to main objections to reism, and occasionally shows how these objections can be met in order to defend the reist position.
EN
The article presents Mill's response to Hume's criticism of induction, and Mill's attempt to justify induction against accusation of vicious circle. The notion of cause used by Mill, and essential for his methodological views, seems to be unclear or involved in a vicious circle. Recent reconstructions of scientific procedures expose a number of vicious circles in science, e.g. the relation between theory and observation, which seem to be mutually based one on another. Mill's example shows a realistic approach to these problems.
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