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EN
Although policy of tsarism towards Poland was not favourable to any intellectual movement, a progressive intellectual leaven could be seen shortly after the January Insurrection of 1863. Development of intelligentsia, press, publishing business and sciences became favourable for it. Warsaw became a main center of intellectual life. The intellectual leaven was undoubtedly based on changes in Polish reality. Patterns of ideas were transmited from West-European thinkers. Although first signs of the leaven could be seen before 1863, but philosophy of positivism popularized in 1860s and 1870s gave it a new sense. However a vivacious intellectual movement did not rise new problems or questions, answers given during debates and polemics made for an intellectual revolution. The problems which were risen concerned idea of the world and the man as well as man’s place in nature and in society; laws of nature, society and history, limits for human knowledge, science and religion. They concerned also ethical and aesthetical attitudes and first of all philosophy of life, proper for Polish society.
EN
This article is devoted to the part of the discussion, that took place in the press of the Kingdom of Poland just after the January Uprising (1863-1864) had collapsed. The great changes which occurred in that period in social, economic and political life of Poland forced the Polish publicists to analyse the past, presence and perspectives for the future. The disputes on the ways of the reconstruction of the economic and social system of the country were accompanied by the parallel debates on the necessity to reshape the hierarchy of commonly accepted values and social consciousness of the Poles. „Przegląd Tygodniowy” and „Przegląd Katolicki” were both weeklies still each one represented quite a different outlook and promoted different system of values. The first one was connected with the positivist philosophy the second one was a catholic weekly. Each one represented different social groups as well: „Przegląd Tygodniowy” was connected with an informal group of radical intelligentsia, „Przegląd Katolicki” reflected the point of view of a very formal institution, namely - the Catholic Church. Both weeklies shared a common will to shape the public opinion and the mentality of the society. Both of them paid much attention to the system of values and social rules that were observed in those times that means to all of that which in the wider sense is called an ethos and in the narrow one the morality and refers to the spiritual sphere of human and social activity that influences the deeds of people. „Przegląd Tygodniowy” considered the changes in the common consciousness of the society to be the crucial ones for the successful social and economic development. „Przegląd Katolicki” on its side stressed the importance of the consciousness as the base of a social order and subordinated to it all the other areas of the human activity. For both weeklies the question of morality played a crucial role in the shaping of the image of the society created by their publicists.
EN
In scientific literature Warsaw positivism as an ideological trend is opposed to Romanticism and is perceived as the programme of practical activity breaking with the past and calling for active work on the social and economic field. Warsaw positivists’ attitude towards tradition was reflected in literature on that subject which distinguished two opposing attitudes. On one hand there was a radical attitude directed against tradition and negating it in the name of progress. On the other hand there was a moderate attitude appreciating the importance of tradition and the values it carried waith itself. It is also stressed that arguments over tradition contented on the columns of positivist press had strictly pragmatic character and were devoided of philosophical and historiosophical thought. In my opinion this attitude calls for transformation as it is too superficial and leads to advanced generalizations.
EN
The events which took place in 1905–1907 in the Kingdom of Poland were to inspire insurgent activities in order to regain independence or bound to institutional and social change. Łódź was area about particularly an intense strike movement. The number of political parties have conducted propaganda activity. Rivalry between PPS and SDKPiL played the special roll. For the entire period revolutionary only SDKPiL talked consistently himself too autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland towards Russia. Aspiring to the socioeconomic revolution, she rejected the idea of the independence of Poland for ideological reasons. PPS consistently was in favour of an idea of the independence of Poland and wanted to convert the revolutionary move into the armed insurrection. However this current didn’t play a major role on Łódź. Local PPS it the one as a result of the progressing schism this party wasn’t able to decide or in the Kingdom to grant revolutionary or insurrectionary character a grassroots movement.
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EN
In the second half the 16th century, in Florence, group gathering specialists in the arts, enthusiasts of the antiquity, composers and poets, called Camerata, put examining the ancient culture for herself behind the target. Resurrecting an ancient Greek musical theatre was a basic task of those fans of the antiquity. An opera is a result of those treatments. From very beginning of the creation of the kind, operatic work sought the inspiration in the past. At first they referred to the classical mythology. Then to medieval history and modern history and national mythology. For centuries librettos were the best way of acquainting Europeans with the ancient legacy, history and the European culture. New historiography is combining historiography with literature, emphasizing all at the same time that history isn’t an image of the past. According to Hyden Whte the historical discourse is interpretation. Paul Ricoeur is convincing that a structural sameness is characterizing historiography with the fictional story. One and second are different ways of the narration. Historiography is writing the story which is talking about facts. Similarly is with the opera, being one of the most compound artistic kinds, since is combining features of the, dramatic and musical literary work which manifest itself in the form of the libretto, the music and the drama. Opera is writing and telling a story.
PL
Celem mojej pracy jest próba rekonstrukcji zasadniczych elementów sporów przebiegających na płaszczyznach teoretycznych i występujących na łamach wybranych tytułów prasy warszawskiej: „Przeglądu Tygodniowego” i „Przeglądu Katolickiego”. Charakter sporu, sposób i zakres argumentacji sytuują obydwa tytuły na ważnym miejscu w hierarchii czasopism tej epoki. Decydujące znaczenie ma tu fakt, iż oba reprezentowały całkowicie odmienne podłoża światopoglądowe: pozytywistyczny i katolicki. Oba także reprezentowały odmienne kręgi społeczne: „Przegląd Tygodniowy” nieformalną grupę radykalnej inteligencji, „Przegląd Katolicki” sformalizowaną instytucję - Kościół. Przy tak dalekich rozbieżnościach światopoglądowych konflikt obu stron był nieunikniony, tym bardziej że obu pismom wspólna była chęć kształtowania opinii i mentalności ogółu społeczeństwa, które znalazło się w orbicie zainteresowań obu tygodników. Wydaje się, iż właściwym terminem dla określenia toczącej się na łamach obu pism polemiki jest termin „spór”, a nie „dyskusja”. Prezentując ów spór nie zamierzam referować poglądów obu stron, ale pragnę przedstawić argumenty, jakimi się posługiwały, oraz zrekonstruować wizje społeczeństwa, jakie starały się stworzyć. Konfrontacja obu wizji wydaje się interesująca, gdyż przy dwóch całkowicie różnych założeniach światopoglądowych obie strony stawały wobec tej samej rzeczywistości historycznej, społeczno-ekonomicznej i obyczajowej. Rzeczywistości, dodajmy, będącej w trakcie intensywnych przemian. Podstawowe pytanie sprowadzało się do tego, czy i jak dalece rozbieżności światopoglądowe pokrywały się z rozbieżnościami w ocenie aktualnej sytuacji i stosunkiem do niej.
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