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Wewnętrzne przyczyny upadku monarchii Safawidów w dziełach o. Tadeusza Krusińskiego SJ

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Borkowski M. P.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

2017

issue 3-4 (263-264)

361-369

The Hotaki rebellion ending the Safavid rule over Iran, came as a considerable surprise to the Europeans. A Polish missionary named Tadeusz Juda Krusiński SJ, who was present in Isfahan during its siege in 1722, wrote a book about this revolution. This work enjoyed much popularity in 18th-century Europe. Krusiński considers the decline of the Safavid state to have been caused not only by the Afghan rebellion, but also by many internal factors. Among such, Krusiński mentions factionalism (the best example of which was the mutual hatred between the Haydari and Ne’mati societies), and the abuse of state power by provincial governors in various ways. But the most crucial was, according to Krusiński, the immense influence held by the eunuchs over the weak and irresolute Sultan Husayn, which led to the selling of impor-tant positions, and the impunity of the corrupted bureaucrats. Moreover, the numerous and frequent changes caused by the eunuchs’ personal policies fueled conflicts between provincial governors, which led to the oppression of Iran’s population, especially the Armenians. These internal problems let the Afghans not only to successfully rebel against the Safavid, but also to end their rule over the whole of Iran.

Obraz Arabów w osiemnastowiecznej Rzeczypospolitej w świetle Nowych Aten B. Chmielowskiego i Świata we wszystkich częściach większych i mniejszych... W.A. Łubieńskiego

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Borkowski M. P.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

2016

issue 1-2

31-43

The vast majority of the works concerning the image of the Islamic peoples in pre-partition Poland is based predominantly, or even exclusively, on the image of the Ottoman Turks. The following paper concerns the image of Arabs/Saracens in two 18th-century printed Polish geographical compendiums: Nowe Ateny (New Athens) by Benedykt Chmielowski, and Świat we wszystkich swoich częściach… (The World in All Its Parts…) by Władysław Aleksander Łubieński. Both these works contain some information on the Arabs/Saracens, both Medieval (7th–15th century) and Early Modern (16th–18th century). The Arabs are known to the authors not only as the ‘inventors’ of Islam, opponents of the crusaders, or nomadic brigands of the Near East, but also as poets, scientists and philosophers.

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2 Przegląd Orientalistyczny

1 2018

1 2016

2 Borkowski M. P.

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Wewnętrzne przyczyny upadku monarchii Safawidów w dziełach o. Tadeusza Krusińskiego SJ

Obraz Arabów w osiemnastowiecznej Rzeczypospolitej w świetle Nowych Aten B. Chmielowskiego i Świata we wszystkich częściach większych i mniejszych... W.A. Łubieńskiego