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1

ROMA LABELLING: POLICY AND ACADEMIA

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Marushiakova E., Popov V.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 4
385 - 418
EN
Groups of people who are all called by their surrounding population with different appellations, which is usually translated into English as “Gypsies” have lived for centuries in different countries of Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe In the last quarter of a century, instead of these names, a new common designation has been established in the region’s public discourse, based on their self-appellation “Roma”. The processes of labelling and imposition of the new name on these communities did not stop in this region, and the label “Roma” is increasingly spreading in the remaining parts of Europe and even beyond. This process of imposing “from above” of a “politically correct” labelling, however, has led to, for some perhaps unexpectedly, to others predictably, an impact on the field. Some local communities labelled today “Roma” started to demonstrate publicly their reluctance to comply with the designation imposed on them from the “outside”. The proposed article will reveal the historical sources of labelling of these communities and main dimensions of these contradictory processes. More generally the article will pose the question on the necessity for change in the relationship between academia on the one hand and the political ideology on the other. In other words, the question is about the main task and responsibility of academia – is it about examining the reality and bringing new knowledge, or presenting the reality according pre-defined norms?
2

HOLOCAUST, PORRAJMOS, SAMUDARIPEN... CREATION OF NEW NATIONAL MYTHOLOGY (Holokaust, Porrajmos, Samudaripe... Tworzenie nowej mitologii narodowej)

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Marushiakova E., Popov V.
Studia Romologica
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2010
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vol. 3
74-94
EN
(Title in Roma Language: Maskar 'Holokavstoma', 'Porraimos' aj Samudaripen – sar biandardol jekh nevi selikani mitologia). The article presents the processes of rethinking from nowadays point of view of the Holocaust of the Gypsies during the Second World War. The question is not about the individual rethinking from the Holocaust survivors, but about new type of constructing of the historical memory of the whole community, connected with the processes of it's identity changes in new, ethno-national paradigm. Based on the attempts to create 'new collective memory' several odd cases appear in the 'secondary' edition of the historical memory of the Holocaust in different countries of Eastern Europe. Parallel with this we are witnessing creation of internal division in the borders of the Gypsy community itself in terms how different layers of Gypsy communities estimate the history of the Holocaust.
3

ETHNONYMS AND PROFESSIONYMS. GYPSY GROUPS IN THE BALKANS (Etnonimy i profesjonimy. Grupy Cyganow na Balkanach)

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Marushiakova E., Popov V.
Studia Romologica
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2008
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vol. 1
177-198
EN
(Title in Roma language: Etnonima thaj profesonima. Rromane endaja dr-o Balkano). The paper aims to reveal the processes, through which the ethnonyms of the separate Gypsy groups appear. In this analysis are taken account for the two forms of existing of the ethnonyms as - endonyms (in the community itself) and exonyms (in front of the other Gypsy groups and the macro-society as a whole) - and the complex forms of correlation between them. Particular attention is turned to the cases, characteristic mainly for the Balkans (and the Gypsy groups who migrated from there in 19th-20th cc.), among who the ethnonyms are formed on the base of the carried out economic activities, characteristic for a given Gypsy group (the so-called proffesionyms), for instance Kalajdzii, Demirdzii, Kelderari, Kosnicari/Sepetcii and similar others. Based on material, gathered from different Gypsy groups on the Balkans, and from groups, migrated from there, the different forms of functioning of endo- and exonyms will be presented, i.e. it is analyzed in what cases which from the endo- or exonyms are used and why. This reveal also the circumstances in which the need for specific group appellation appear and vice versa in which circumstances the need for the group appellation disappear, thus we will be able to throw light on the cases in which particular Gypsy group are distinguished from others through clear expressed group etnonym and in which they are describing themselves only as 'Roma'. During the analysis of the complex and diverse variations of the correlations between the ethnonyms and professionyms of different Gypsy groups, one very important fact cannot escape attention. The professionyms (in many cases turned to be the only available for the group ethnonyms) fully (or almost fully, having in mind some specific cases) are formed on the base of the languages and the grammatical forms of the macro-society, in which the Gypsies live. Actually, summarizing, the professionyms, together with family-kin and territory-state characteristics, appear to be the most important criteria, on which the ethnonyms are formed (and in both of their forms of existence - as endonyms and exonyms) of the different Gypsy groups around the world.
4

THE GYPSY COURT IN EAST EUROPE (Sad cyganski w Europie Wschodniej)

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Marushiakova E., Popov V.
Studia Romologica
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2009
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vol. 2
33-75
EN
(Title in Roma language: I rromani kris and-i disorigutni Evropa). Customary laws, traditional ways of solving disputes and seeking solutions to conflicts belong to an area of the social reality into which the magical Roma perception of the world imbues itself. Since it is the Roma elders who wield the power in the matter, I decided to focus my article on their role in settling disputes and imposing punishment. My research, carried out within the Roma communities in Poland and Lithuania, proves that the traditional law plays an extremely important role in Roma societies. It is a set of norms, rules and prohibitions firmly based on tradition. I gathered my materials during a period of 2006-2008 while researching Roma taboos in the Polska Roma group.
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