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PL
Autorka zbiera argumenty na rzecz wprowadzenia profesjonalnych nauczycieli muzyki do klas I–III. Analizuje najnowszą podstawę programową: krytykuje infantylizację jej treści programowych, wyraźną dominację banalnych zadań rytmicznych. Zwraca uwagę na całkowity brak troski o kształtowanie czystej intonacji oraz ćwiczeń wpływających na rozwój słuchu muzycznego, podkreśla znaczenie okresu krytycznego w rozwoju potencjalnych uzdolnień muzycznych. Prezentuje wyniki najnowszych badań nad rzeczywistymi kompetencjami muzycznymi dzieci. Z badań tych wyłania się bardzo niepokojący obraz: blisko 1/3 uczniów kończących pierwszy etap edukacji w Polsce — to dzieci monotoniczne. Na przestrzeni ostatnich trzydziestu lat poziom kompetencji muzycznych uczniów klas I–III wyraźnie się obniżył. Ta tragiczna sytuacja jest rezultatem prowadzenia zajęć muzycznych przez nauczycieli edukacji wczesnoszkolnej, którzy nie tylko nie posiadają żadnej wiedzy i umiejętności muzycznych, ale także — na co wskazują badania nad ich stosunkiem do prowadzenia zajęć muzycznych — prowadzą je niechętnie. Autorka zwraca także uwagę na fakt, że tylko w nielicznych krajach europejskich nauczyciele tzw. edukacji zintegrowanej odpowiadają za rozwój muzyczny uczniów. W zdecydowanej większości państw europejskich zajęcia muzyczne w klasach początkowych prowadzone są przez profesjonalnych muzyków. Dlatego też, jej zdaniem, proponowane ostatnio przez R. Popowskiego, M. Grusiewicza i A. Sołtysik rozwiązanie, które zyskało akceptację Polskiej Rady Muzycznej, nie przyniesie zadowalających rezultatów. Lansowany wariant zakłada, że zajęcia w klasach I–III mają prowadzić nauczyciele muzyki przy wsparciu nauczycieli wczesnej edukacji. Autorka zwraca uwagę na brak podstaw ekonomicznych do wprowadzenia tego projektu oraz przyjęcie dość kuriozalnych założeń, w myśl których to nauczyciel muzyk miałby być jednocześnie edukatorem dzieci i korepetytorem ich nauczycieli. Jej zdaniem jedynie słusznym rozwiązaniem jest powierzanie zajęć muzycznych wyłącznie profesjonalnie przygotowanym nauczycielom muzyki. W przeciwnym razie problemy z wczesnoszkolną antyedukacją muzyczną będą się nasilać.
EN
Author presents arguments in favor of introducing specialized music teaching to primary school grades 1–3. She analyzes the latest early-school core curriculum adopted in Poland: criticizing the overly-infantile nature of its content, with a dramatic dominance of trivial rhythmic exercises. She underlines the total neglect of intonation development, as well as an absence of musical hearing training, emphasizing the importance of critical early-age period for the advancement of potential musical talents of children. Furthermore, the author points out to the most recent studies on the actual musical competences of early-school pupils. The results of these studies offer a quite disturbing image: nearly one third of children finishing the first stage of school education in Poland are monotonic. Throughout the last three decades, the overall musical competence level of pupils from grades 1–3 has rapidly declined. This tragic situation is the result of incorporating musical training of children within the primary education integrated teaching system, with early-school teachers lacking both experience and basic musical expertise, as well as — what is evident in the latest research — having negative attitude towards music classes in general. The author observes that it is only in a minority of European countries that integrated education teachers are responsible for conducting musical classes. The vast majority of education systems in Europe are designed to ensure the preparation of music classes for early-school children by professional musicians. Therefore, the author is of the opinion that the latest program proposal by R. Popowski, M. Grusiewicz and A. Sołtysik, although accepted by the Polish Music Counsel, will not bring satisfactory results. The proposal indicates that musical lessons for grades 1–3 would be conducted by a professional music teacher with the assistance of an integrated education tutor. The author draws attention to the economic irrationality of such solution, and to its peculiar assumption as to the dual role of a musician — acting both as a teacher for students and as a coach for the integrated education tutor. The author believes that music education in early school system should be left solely in the hands of music professionals, otherwise problems with anti-education shall continue to arise.
EN
The importance of early musical education in the light of present-day research
EN
The aim of this paper is to present latest studies on absolute pitch conducted over the past ten years. The author respectively discusses: results of the research on the origins of absolute pitch, relationship between absolute pitch and musical skills, dependence of the development of absolute pitch on applied aural training methods, anatomical and neural foundations of this ability, as well as infl uence of absolute pitch on the progress of other cognitive abilities. In conclusion the author submits: the key causes for the development of absolute pitch ability lay in innate predispositions (either genetic or stimulated in the prenatal period) — which manifest themselves in the asymmetry between left and right planum temporale — as well as in skills acquired by early musical practice combined with absolute method of ear training. It appears that using tonal languages is benefi cial for the development of absolute pitch. It has been proven that the ability of absolute pitch correlates with profi ciency in performing musical tasks. Examining brains of people with absolute hearing abilities shows that they have better developed circumferential networks, grey matter, greater thickness of cerebral cortex and improved white matter connectivity, what results in more effi cient networking between various areas of brain, better „small-world” functional networking and memory. Ability of absolute pitch can be understood as a phenomenon of unique perceptual enhancement, useful for the examination of brain plasticity.
EN
The author presents an overview of contemporary research in perfect pitch and the absolute method, discusses results of her survey on the importance of perfect pitch in musicians, and presents results of experimental activities stimulating perfect pitch in children at early school age. The aim of the experimental research was to answer the question of whether it was possible to effectively stimulate perfect pitch abilities in children at early school age. An experimental ear training program with the use of the absolute method was directed onto children in year one of music school. The effects of the stimulation were applied to two control groups trained by using the relative mFollowing the study, it was found that: perfect pitch can be shaped in a conscious way; the ability develops primarily in early childhood; the process of forming the capacity for absolute hearing begins with memorizing the seven standard pitches of the diatonic scale of C major. The research also confi rmed a high attractiveness of perfect pitch for professional musicians and proved that the ability to consciously stimulate the capacity for absolute hearing in children aged 7–8 years speaks for the use of the absolute method in the initial stage of studies in music schools.
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