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PRISONERS-OF-WAR'S RIGHT TO LIFE AND REALITIES OF ANDERSONVILLE CAMP (1864-1865) (Prawo do zycia jenców wojennych a realia obozu Andersonville (1864-1865))

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Niewinski L.

Białostockie Teki Historyczne

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2008

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vol. 6

77-93

EN

The Civil War (1861-1865) broke out in the United States as a result of secession of South Carolina (December 20, 1860) and six other southern states, which later established the Confederate States of America (February 8, 1861). The war began with the Confederates' bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina (April 12, 1861) and formally ended with the capitulation of the largest army of the South at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. Almost 700,000 people died in four-year-long struggles. However, not all these deaths resulted directly from military actions. Slightly fewer than 1/10 of them lost their lives in prisoner-of-war camps of the enemy party. 106 such camps were created in the territory of the Union, and 117 in the territory of the Confederacy. Camp Sumter (Andersonville, Georgia) was the biggest camp of the Confederate States. About 43,000 prisoners-of-war passed through this camp during the 13 months of its existence. As 13,000 prisoners died there, it is considered to be the most striking example of the Civil War brutalization. The right to life was broken more frequently in Andersonville than in any other prisoner-of-war camp. That is why the author would like to use this camp as an example in his article.

2

PRISONERS-OF-WAR IN THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1775-1783) (Jency wojenni w amerykanskiej wojnie o niepodleglosc (1775-1783))

100%

Niewinski L.

Białostockie Teki Historyczne

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2010

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vol. 8

59-78

EN

The first shots between the rebellious colonies and Great Britain were fired on April 19,1775 at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. They started an internal conflict, which lasted until the signing of peace by the both sides in September 1983. British authorities ordered to treat American prisoners-of-war as criminals acting of ultimate treachery. However, representatives of the Continental Congress and the offcers of the Continental Army believed that the common law guaranteed humanitarian treatment of prisoners-of-war, their exchange and release on trust. During the War of Independence the British gathered the majority of American prisoners-of-war in New York, and then placed them under the decks ofwarships. Release of prisoners-of-war on trust (to a great extent based on the war customs) was also widely practiced. However, Americans used prisoners-of-war mainly as workforce, also in their arms manufactures. In this way they added to the military potential of the country, and the prisoners-of-war, thanks to their work, lived in better conditions. Yet, during the war the rules pertaining to the exchange of prisoners-of-war were not established, thus, thousands of prisoners-of-war died in bondage. During the conflict Americans took 15 to 30 thousand people prisoner; among them - British soldiers, sailors, mercenary soldiers from European coun- tries, loyalists, Indians and black men drafted to serve in the British army. There are no data pertaining to the number of prisoners-of-war who died in American bondage. The exact number of prisoners-of-war captured by the British is not known, either. During the war from 10 to 15 thousand patriots from land forces and anywhere from ten to twenty thousand privateers and sailors were taken prisoner. There are also various estimations - from 11.5 to 18 thousand - as to the number of American prisoners-of-war who died in British bondage.

3

PRISONERS-OF-WAR EXCHANGE SYSTEM DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN 1861-1862 (System wymiany jenców wojennych w wojnie secesyjnej w latch 1861-1862)

100%

Niewinski L.

Białostockie Teki Historyczne

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2009

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vol. 7

51-72

EN

The beginning of the Civil War gave rise to the problem of a recognition of the Confederated States of America as a belligerent. Such a recognition could result from governmental activities aiming at the suppression of the uprising. An exchange of prisoners-of-war is one of the most important of these activities. From the very beginning of the conflict Abraham Lincoln's administration maintained that the exchange of prisoners-of- war with the South should not take place. At the end of 1861 both governments started informal negotiations concerning this issue. Two victorious for the Union battles - of Henry and Donelson forts - led to a suspension of talks on February 22, 1862. The negotiations were resumed on July 22, 1862 in Haxall's Landing on the river James, Virginia, where a cartel stating general conditions of the prisoner-of-war exchange was signed. Both negotiators - General Major John A. Dix (on the side of the Union) and General Major Daniel H. Hill (on the side of the Confederacy) - were authorised by their governments to settle such an agreement - called the 'Dix-Hill Cartel'. After over a year of the conflict both sides could finally exchange prisoners-of-war.

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PRISONERS-OF-WAR'S RIGHT TO LIFE AND REALITIES OF ANDERSONVILLE CAMP (1864-1865) (Prawo do zycia jenców wojennych a realia obozu Andersonville (1864-1865))

PRISONERS-OF-WAR IN THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1775-1783) (Jency wojenni w amerykanskiej wojnie o niepodleglosc (1775-1783))

PRISONERS-OF-WAR EXCHANGE SYSTEM DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN 1861-1862 (System wymiany jenców wojennych w wojnie secesyjnej w latch 1861-1862)