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Logos i Ethos
|
2012
|
issue 2(33)
123–146
EN
The writings of Czesław Miłosz, who was influenced by Gnosis, concern universal questions regarding the experience of human existence in the world, and verify modern view of reality and the matter of human religiosity. The article is focused on the influence of Manichaeism and Gnosticism on Miłosz’s works. Each part of it – there are eight of them – concerns a different aspect of the poet’s religious reflection. Miłosz’s religious inspirations, his conception of God and the Devil, the poet’s theosophical reflection, the problem of erosion of religious imagination, the experience of Determinism in the world, and the idea of resurrection of all beings are all presented in the article. The two last parts concentrate on the matter of religious identity of Miłosz himself, trying to determine whether he was a Catholic or not. In the article’s conclusion, the writings of Miłosz are presented as an integral religious and metaphysical project. The writer himself is presented as a Christian seeking for the truth about reality.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie filozofii Anny Teresy Tymienieckiej oraz kilku podstawowych kategorii obecnych w jej systemie metafizycznym. Centralną ideą w jej dziełach jest idea onto-poiesis, oparta na tezie, że rzeczywistość rozumiana jako uniwersum wszystkich istot żywych jest jednością. Filozofia Tymienieckiej, choć otwarcie nawiązująca do tradycji fenomenologicznej, dystansuje się wobec niej, wprowadzając pojęcie aktu kreatywnego. W oparciu o to pojęcie Tymieniecka buduje swój system metafizyczny, opisując rzeczywistość jako trwającą w ciągłym konstruktywnym i uporządkowanym rozwoju. W tej rzeczywistości istotną rolę zajmuje człowiek i różne aspekty jego funkcjonowania w świecie. W niniejszym artykule zostały zaprezentowane trzy, obecne w filozofii Tymienieckiej, aspekty: kultura, moralność oraz duchowość. Artykuł został podzielony na kilka części. Pierwsza przedstawia biografię Anny Teresy Tymienieckiej oraz główne idee w jej filozofii. Druga ukazuje krytyczne poglądy polsko-amerykańskiej filozof na ejdetyczną i transcendentalną fenomenologię, oraz odróżnia kreatywny oraz konstytutywny akt świadomości. Następnie opisane zostają kategorie kultury oraz moralności. Ostatnia część prezentuje problem duchowości istoty ludzkiej oraz jej pęd ku transcendencji. System metafizyczny Anny Teresy Tymienieckiej stanowi spójny opis wielu aspektów świata i ludzkiej natury, przedstawiając tę ostatnią jako totalność duszy i ciała.
EN
The aim of this article is to introduce the basic points of philosophy of Anna Teresa Tymieniecka, as well as some of the main categories of her metaphysical system. The system is built on the thesis that “the Universe is the unity of everything that is alive”, and there is no ontic foundation that we should look up to whilst trying to understand why “is there something rather than nothing”. This assumption is tied to themain idea of Tymieniecka’s philosophy − onto-poiesis, which puts creative act in the center of metaphysics, and defines reality as “unity in creation”. The core of Tymieniecka’s philosophy will be described in this article in relation to selected categories of acts of uniquely human activity in reality – such as culture, morality and spirituality. The article is divided into several parts. The first one presents biography of Anna Teresa Tymieniecka, and describes the main ideas of her philosophy. The second part shows Tymieniecka’s critical views on eidetic and transcendental phenomenology, and distinguishes creative and constitutive acts of human consciousness. Later on, the role of human culture in the onto-poiesis of life, and also the concept of morality will both be described. The last part concerns the spirituality of a human being, as well as they desire to move towards transcendence. The metaphysical system of Anna Teresa Tymieniecka combines several aspects of reality and human activity, and describes the nature of totality of human being as both spiritual and bodily, without the scientific reduction.
EN
Depression is not a popular philosophical problem, despite the fact that it is one of the most frequent psychopathologies nowadays. The aim of the article is to consider the problem of depression as a philosophical one in terms of Cheshire Calhoun’s analytic work on depression and S.ren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of despair and anxiety. The author shows that the state of depression is connected to the sick man’s failure to be a living being due to the process that Calhoun calls “the defeat of an agency”. Calhoun claims that a man stops to be an active person because his will is disengaged due to his feeling of estrangement from his normative outlook of self-conception, his disbelief in the effectiveness of instrumental reasoning and lack of confidence in one’s security from misfortune and harm. The permanent state of this defeat leads to being disengaged from one’s very roots of being a motivated person. At this point living the being is opened to despair and anxiety, which are the means of creating a state of being as a “defeated agency”. The analysis of Kierkegaard’s work brings a new perspective of depression. A depressed person is one who is possessed by despair and anxiety. The analysis of different forms of despair and anxiety bring new light to the process of becoming depressed. It shows that the depressed person is in a permanent state of being “cut off” from life. This perspective leads to the conclusion that depression could be seen as Kierkegaard’s „Sickness Unto Death”.
4
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Logos i Ethos
|
2012
|
issue 2(33)
241–251
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