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EN
Peter of Duisburg (Dusburg) used stylistic means characteristic of literary language. They included also metaphors and comparisons. An often mentioned figure in Duisburg’s chronicle is Duke Świętopełk, who is presented as an evil ruler hostile to Christianity. His conduct is compared to the behavior of two animals - the fox and the lion. He was attributed such character traits as cunning, deceit, falsehood and vileness, which are defining features of the fox. The position of the lion in the Middle Ages was special. It was often used in comparisons carrying predominantly positive meanings, but also some negative as well. In Duisburg’s chronicle, too, the lion is used to describe both positive and negative personal traits. In reference to the duke and his son Mściwoj comparisons to the lion drew by Peter of Duisburg were of negative character. In these fragments the lion symbolizes the devil; here Peter of Duisburg drew on the comparison found in the First Epistle of St Paul.
EN
The copy of Christherre-Chronik in the University Library of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun is one of 95 copies of the work preserved and available now in Europe. As it was settled by R. Plate, the manuscript was created at the end of the 14th century, probably outside the Teutonic Order. Apart from Christherre-Chronik the manuscript includes The Chronicle of the World by Rudolf von Ems. The manuscript was kept in Tapiau between 1468 and 1474, and in 1541 in Königsberg. Probably in Tapiau shortly before 1541 the inner sides of the cover were lined with documents from Ostroda. It seems that originally the code was kept in Malbork, and not in the castle in Ostroda as it was previously thought. Acquiring Christherre-Chronik by the Teutonic Knights may be the evidence of the reception of the knowledge of the Old Testament, which became quite common among some groups in the Teutonic Order in the face of the crisis in the Teutonic State from the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę określenia konstytucyjnie dopuszczalnej granicy udziału spółek Skarbu Państwa w gospodarce w świetle art. 20 Konstytucji. Zaczyna się wprowadzeniem, stanowiącym podsumowanie aktualnych badań z zakresu nauk ekonomicznych i prawnych nad problematyką rosnącego udziału SSP w gospodarce oraz omówieniem problemów prawnych jakie owe zjawisko rodzi. Następnie omówiony zostaje stosunek państwa do własności państwowej i prywatnej w świetle modelu społecznej gospodarki rynkowej. Rozważania podparte są odwołaniami do doktryny ordoliberalizmu oraz orzecznictwa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Następnie rozważane są możliwe miary pozwalające na stwierdzenie nadmiernego udziału spółek Skarbu Państwa w gospodarce w świetle art. 20 Konstytucji. Artykuł jest konkludowany wnioskami dla organów administracji publicznej i doktryny prawa publicznego.
EN
The article is an attempt to determine the constitutionally permissible limit of the participation of SOEs in the economy in light of Art. 20 of the Constitution. It begins with an introduction, summarizing current research in economic and legal sciences on the issue of the growing participation of SOEs in the economy and discussing the legal problems that this phenomenon raises. This is followed by a discussion of the relationship of the state to state and private property in light of the social market economy model. The considerations are supported by references to the doctrine of ordoliberalism and the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. Possible measures for determining the excessive participation of state-owned companies in the economy in light of Article 20 of the Constitution are then considered. The article is concluded with conclusions for public administration bodies and the doctrine of public law.
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