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EN
This article is about the process of globalisation supported by cryptocurrencies. It discusses the influence of cryptocurrencies on three major aspects: the political, economic and social spheres. The section on the political sphere highlights the way the authorities of some countries react towards cryptocurrencies. The evolving legal status of cryptocurrency in different regions is described. The section on the economic sphere enumerates examples of cryptocurrencies used on the financial markets. It shows how cryptocurrency might be used by the business sector. The social sphere section illustrates the major kinds of internet societies which are created around cryptocurrencies and what tools are facilitating cryptocurrency transfers. Many examples of important cryptocurrencies are used. The analysis of statistical data and literature have been used in order to evaluate the topic. The study provides additional evidence proving that cryptocurrencies have a significant impact on the process of globalisation.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony procesowi globalizacji wspieranemu przez kryptowaluty. Omawiany jest wpływ kryptowalut na trzy najważniejsze aspekty: sferę polityczną, ekonomiczną oraz socjalną. W sferze politycznej podkreślono sposób, w jaki władze niektórych krajów reagują na kryptowaluty. Opisano również ewoluujący status prawny kryptowalut w różnych regionach. W sferze ekonomicznej wymieniono przykłady kryptowalut używanych na rynkach finansowych. Pokazano, jak kryptowaluty mogą być wykorzystane w sektorze biznesowym. W części tekstu poświęconej sferze socjalnej zilustrowano główne rodzaje społeczeństw internetowych powstających wokół kryptowalut oraz narzędzi, które ułatwiają ich transfery. Użyto wielu przykładów istotnych kryptowalut. W celu omówienia tematu wykorzystano analizę danych i literatury. Artykuł dostarcza dowodów na to, że kryptowaluty mają znaczny wpływ na proces globalizacji.
Polonia Sacra
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 4(53)
169-186
EN
this article I take up the four most important problems that marriages in the Old Testament grappled with: polygamy, or marrying multiple spouses, lack of offspring, infidelity, or betrayal, and divorce. It is only against this issues that the profound novum of Catholic teaching on marriage emerges. The proposal will be that problems afflicting couples of biblical time are not so different from the ones besetting contemporary couples.
PL
W kontekście żywo dyskutowanej encykliki papieża Franciszka o małżeństwie Amoris laetitia w artykule podejmuję cztery najistotniejsze problemy, z jakim borykały się małżeństwa w Starym Testamencie: poligamia, brak potomstwa, niewierność czy zdrada oraz rozwód. Właśnie w tym kontekście ukazuje się w pełni specyfika katolickiego nauczania o matrymonium. Proponowana teza mówi, że problemy dotykające małżonków opisanych na kartach Biblii nie są odległe od tych, z którymi mierzą się dzisiejsze pary.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony tematyce wojny handlowej, która toczyła się przez 18 miesięcy pomiędzy Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Chinami. Omawiany jest wpływ działań administracji prezydenta Donalda Trumpa na gospodarki krajów zarówno biorących udział w konflikcie, jak i pozostałych, na które oddziałuje wojna handlowa. Pomimo zaangażowania znacznych środków politycznych sytuacja Stanów Zjednoczonych nie uległa poprawie. Wiele artykułów, m.in. z sektora telekomunikacyjnego, nadal jest importowanych z zagranicy, a nie produkowanych w kraju. Nie wpłynęło to pozytywnie na sektor przemysłowy Stanów Zjednoczonych, ale w wyniku zjawiska dywersyfikacji handlu poprawił się bilans handlowy Wietnamu, Unii Europejskiej czy Tajwanu. Opisano chronologicznie najważniejsze wydarzenia, które miały kluczowy wpływ na przebieg sporu i kształtowanie sytuacji międzynarodowej gospodarki. Szybkie zmiany w przepisach spowodowały dużą niepewność i zniechęciły przedsiębiorstwa do inwestycji. Zastosowana metoda badawcza to analiza danych i literatury. Artykuł dostarcza dowodów na to, że wojna handlowa jest niekorzystna dla gospodarki amerykańskiej, chińskiej oraz światowej.
EN
This article is devoted to the topic of trade war that lasted for 18 months between the United States and China. The impact of President Donald Trump’s administration on the economies of the countries involved in the conflict and others affected by the trade war is discussed. Despite the commitment of considerable political resources, the situation of the United States did not improve. Many articles mainly from the telecommunications sector are still imported from abroad, not produced domestically. This did not have a positive impact on the US industrial sector, but as a result of trade diversification, the trade balance of Vietnam, the European Union and Taiwan improved. The most important events, which had a key impact on the course of the dispute and shaping the situation of the international economy were described chronologically. Rapid changes in regulations caused great uncertainty and discouraged companies from investing. The research method used is data and literature analysis. The following article provides evidence that the trade war is unfavorable to the American, Chinese and global economies.
EN
The Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance was the largest Ukrainian political party in the Second Polish Republic. UNDO was founded in 1925 and he was active on territory Galicia. The party tried also to take control of the Volhynian province, but Ukrainians living on this territory treated UNDO politicians with the big distrust. The party tried to break these attitudes by establishing cooperative organizations. These cooperatives were a pretext for political activity. Owing to such strategy UNDO gained popularity. Political activity of politicians of UNDO was dangerous for polish management. Governor of Volhynian province, Henryk Józewski created a loyal Ukrainian political party – the Volhynian Ukrainian Alliance. This party had a political program similar to UNDO and she started to throw away UNDO from the Volhynian province. Influences UNDO reduced also fractures within the party – In 1933 a group of UNDO members led by Dmytro Paliiv left UNDO. In 1938, when Józewski was moved from the Volhynian province to Łódź, UNDO reconstructed influences on this territory.
EN
This communique concerns church architecture, both stone-brick and brick, from the turn o f the fifteenth century in Western Pomerania. The constructors o f these buildings concealed the irregularity o f the layers, variety o f material, and traces o f new masonry by plastering the elevations. Lime plaster was covered with a regular network o f incised joints. The areas bordered by joints were tinted red, and the joints themselves remained white. The obtained order and rhythm o f the elevation granted the object uniformity and a cohesion o f architectonic composition. Only the outlines o f the joints, incised in fresh plaster with a sharp stylet, are extant. The area o f the joints was subsequently smoothed out, and he panels remained rough. In this manner, not only the contrasting colours but also the texture contrasts became visible. The most interesting examples o f this type o f decoration were clusters o f leaves, rosettes etc. (Łęczyca Pomorska, Parlino) and cross and arcade friezes (Skalin, Chociwel, the church o f St. John the Baptist and the Holy Virgin Mary in Stargard). This variety o f elevation finish was to create an illusionistic imitation o f ceramic friezes and fillings o f blind windows, which were universally applied in the architecture of larger urban centres.
EN
The article points to new research on the subject of poetics in the Bible and argues against the thesis that the basic indicator of poetry and poetic texts in the Bible is parallelism.According to the author, repetition is such an indicator. An analysis of the biblical story of creation of the world was used as the case study (Gen 1).
EN
The cult of the saints and their relics in the Middle Ages took form – among other things – of the pilgrimage movement. The authors of this article discuss the sources – both archaeological and written – and the state of research on pilgrimages of the Medieval inhabitants of Pomerania the Duchy of Szczecin (Stettin), the Duchy of Słupsk (Stolp) and the dominium of the bishops of Kamień (Kammin), excluding the Duchy of Wołogoszcz (Wolgast). The analysis focus on the shrines situated both in Pomerania and beyond the region. The future progress of the research is expected specially in connection with the archaeological excavations conducted in towns founded according to the German law.
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