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Style tożsamości a rozwój rozumowania moralnego jednostki

100%
Czyżowska D.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2005
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vol. 10
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issue 4
PL
Styles of identity and development of moral reasoningThe researchers of moral development more and more frequently pay attention to the fact that for a better understanding of processes of moral development it is necessary to consider this development in the context of personality development, especially in the context of identity development. Erikson emphasized the union between identity and morality. According to his idea, the fifth phase of psychosocial development is closely linked with the identity crisis. During this phase an individual human being adopts a specific ideology and an ethical code. The empirical research pointed the connection existing between achievement of identity, while identity statuses were defined on the basis of Marcia’s theory, and moral reasoning focused on justice (Rowe, Marcia, 1980).Berzonsky (1989, 2001), who suggests alternative idea of identity development, differentiates 3 types of identity: informational, normative and diffuse/avoidant. As he claims, the style of identity represents a particular strategy of problem solving and defines the approach of an individual towards decision making, particularly decisions important to his or her personal identity and the life path. The article presents the results of research which aim is to investigate the relationship between Berzonsky’s styles of identity and the level of socio-moral development.
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Płeć, wiek, wykształcenie oraz pełnione role a rozwój myślenia moralnego odwołującego się do troski i odpowiedzialności

100%
Czyżowska D.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2008
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vol. 13
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issue 1
PL
Gender, education, role taking and care-based moral developmentIn her analysis of moral reasoning C. Gilligan (1892) has indentified two moral orientations: first, the morality of justice, which is more representative of men’s ethical judgements and the the ethic of care, which is more representtive of women’s ethical judgments. The purpose of this study was to examine the links among gender, education, marriage and parental roles and care-based moral reasoning. The participants were 71 women and 51 men. They ranged in age from 20 to 83 years. The Ethic of Care Interview (Skoe, 1993) was used to assess level of moral reasoning. I found no significant outcome differences between women’s and men’s adult levels of moral development. No significant relationships were found between marriage and parental roles and care-based moral reasoning. For women, education was correlated with moral development. There were significant differences in moral development between female students and women with secondary and high education.There were no significant findings for men.
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O związkach między rozwojem moralnym a zachowaniami przestępczymi

100%
Czyżowska D.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2011
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vol. 14
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issue 2
123-140
PL
Poszukując przyczyn dopuszczania się przez ludzi czynów przestępczych, naruszających społeczny porządek, godzących w dobro społeczeństwa i krzywdzących poszczególnych jej członków, badacze coraz częściej zwracają uwagę na znaczenie poziomu rozwoju moralnego i braków w tym zakresie dla społecznego funkcjonowania jednostki. Z drugiej strony - badacze rozwoju moralnego, wskazując na konsekwencje moralnej niedojrzałości, oznaczającej pozostawanie na wczesnych poziomach rozwoju i brak zdolności do przyjęcia innej - poza własną, egocentryczną - perspektywy, wymieniają wśród nich większą skłonność do łamania prawa, obowiązujących zasad moralnych i społecznych, skutkujących zachowaniami agresywnymi i czynami przestępczymi. Celem prezentowanych analiz jest wskazanie na wzajemne związki między rozwojem rozumowania moralnego a tendencją do zachowań przestępczych poprzez odwołanie się do teorii pozwalających związek ten wyjaśnić, jak również badań empirycznych potwierdzających istnienie takiego związku.
EN
In the search for the reasons why some people commit criminal acts, disturb social order, cause harm to others and pose a menace to public well-being, the centrepiece of much of psychological research has increasingly become moral development and its significance for social behaviour. Moral immaturity, defined as moral development halted at its early stages with a concomitant lack of perspective taking (beyond one's own egocentrism), has been identified in the moral development research as one of the culprits of aggressive and criminal behaviour by facilitating disregard for law, moral principles and social codes of conduct. In this paper, I will attempt to highlight the possible associations between moral development and criminal behaviour. I will refer to relevant theories in order to provide an explanation of this relationship and include results of empirical research that confirm it.
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Religijność a rozwój rozumowania moralnego w okresie adolescencji

63%
Czyżowska D., Mikołajewska K.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 2
55-70
EN
The aim of the presented study was to explore the relationship between religiosity and moral development during adolescence. We were interested if the centrality of religiosity (that is, the position of an individual’s religious construct system in personality [Huber, 2003] is related to moral reasoning and decision making in moral dilemmas. It was assumed that the system of religious constructs can function in both heterogeneous or autonomous ways, and we asked if the type of religious motivation is associated with specific features of moral thinking, and thereby with moral development. 112 Polish students (aged 15–18) from Catholic and non-Catholic high schools completed two questionnaires: Polish versions of Huber’s Centrality of Religiosity Scale and the Rest’s Defining Issues Test. The results indicated that there is the relationship between (a) global centrality and second stage (pre-conventional level) and fourth stage (conventional level) of moral development; (b) five dimensions of religiosity and stages of moral development.
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Możliwości kształtowania charakteru uczniów w ocenie nauczycieli

63%
Czyżowska D., Leśniak A.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2011
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vol. 16
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issue 2
PL
Teachers’ beliefs concerning the possibility of modeling pupils’ moral characterThe main aim of the present investigation is to gain knowledge about teachers’ beliefs concerning the possibility of modeling pupils’ moral character. The main components in the process of moral education are a teacher’s personality, awareness of their role in education, their skills and competencies and belief in the possibility of infl uencing their pupils. In view of these facts it has been agreed that there should be conducted a study to examine how teachers assess their own abilities and skills in modeling their pupils’ character, and how they see teachers’ overall possibilities in this area. The research used a questionnaire “Character Education Effi cacy Belief Instrument” developed by Milson and Mehlig (2002). This tool measures teachers’ beliefs concerning their effectiveness of modeling pupils’ moral character. There are two scales used in this measurement. The first scale allows to assess teachers’ personal effectiveness of teaching (personal teaching efficacy – PTE) and the second one allows to assess general effectiveness of teaching (general teaching efficacy – GTE). There were 218 people involved in the research (83% were women, and 17% men). The results show a signifi cant difference between the assessment of personal teaching effectiveness (PTE) and general teaching effectiveness (GTE). Respondents (teachers) evaluate their own abilities in modeling their pupils’ moral characters higher than the general ability of teachers in this respect. Three factors were taken into account in the analysis: teacher’s gender, type of school where the respondents work and subjects they teach.
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Związek między rozwojem myślenia moralnego a tendencją do zachowań agresywnych w sytuacjach trudnych w okresie dorastania

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Czyżowska D., Oleszkowicz A.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2010
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vol. 15
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issue 2
PL
The relationship between the development of moral reasoning and the tendency towards aggressive behaviour in difficult situations during adolescenceThe focus of this research was to establish the relationship between the development of moral reasoning and the tendency towards aggressive behaviour. Gender differences and the notion of responsibility were also considered in the research and the questions were constructed accordingly. Three different questionnaires were used in investigations: Defining Issues Test (DIT), Coping in Difficult Social Situations and Sense of Responsibility Scale. 136 subjects, age 15–19 years old (93 girls and 43 boys) participated in the research.  Results from the study show that moral reasoning is a major infl uencing factor in aggressive behaviour and this can be used to predict potential aggressive behaviour in adolescents. The study also showed that the relationship between development of moral reasoning and aggressive behaviour is moderated by the sense of the responsibility, as the sense of the responsibility clearly limits tendency towards aggressive behaviour. Genders differences also affected both the tendency towards aggressive behaviours, along with the relation between aggressive behaviour and sense of the responsibility. The study showed that sense of responsibility playing a larger role in boys.
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Edukacja moralna – koncepcje i badania

63%
Czyżowska D., Czyżowska N.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
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2019
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vol. 6
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issue 4(24)
111-134
EN
The article is a review of ways of thinking and concepts available in the literature that are the basis for creating school syllabi of moral education. It describes what axiological and anthropological assumptions and psychological theories those syllabi are based on and analyses selected studies that evaluate their effectiveness and impact on the moral formation of young people.
PL
Artykuł ma charakter przeglądu dostępnych w literaturze przedmiotu sposobów myślenia i koncepcji, które są podstawą do tworzenia szkolnych programów moralnej edukacji. Opisuje, na jakich założeniach aksjologicznych i antropologicznych oraz teoriach psychologicznych są one oparte. Analizuje wybrane badania, które ewaluują programy i ich oddziaływanie na kształtowanie moralne młodzieży.
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O związkach między religijnością a konstruowaniem tożsamości osobistej przez młodzież

63%
Czyżowska D., Mikołajewska K.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2014
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vol. 17
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issue 1
105-154
PL
Zdaniem Eriksona (1964, 1965) ważnym elementem kształtowania dojrzałej i zintegrowanej tożsamości jest wypracowanie osobistego stosunku do religii. Celem prezentowanego badania było określenie związku między religijnością a rozwojem tożsamości w okresie adolescencji. Trzystu uczniów krakowskich gimnazjów i liceów (w tym również szkół katolickich) wypełniło Skalę Centralności Religijności Hubera oraz Kwestionariusz Stylów Tożsamości Berzonsky'ego. Wyniki potwierdziły zakładany związek pomiędzy stylem tożsamości a religijnością, definiowaną jako system konstruktów umiejscowiony w systemie osobowości jednostki. Wskaźniki religijności w większości korelowały dodatnio ze stylem informacyjnym i normatywnym oraz negatywnie ze stylem dyfuzyjno-unikającym. Przywiązywanie wagi do religii i nadawanie jej ważnej roli w życiu wiązało się z posiadaniem dojrzalszego i adaptacyjnego stylu tożsamości. Brak zainteresowania religią występował natomiast u osób, których tożsamość jest fragmentaryczna i niezintegrowana. Odnotowano pewne różnice między uczniami szkół katolickich i niekatolickich.
EN
According to Erikson (1964, 1965), developing our individual approach to religion is a very important part of our mature and integrated identity development. The aim of the present study was to determine the connection between religiosity and identity development in adolescence. 300 students of Cracow's high and junior high schools (including Catholic schools) filled in Polish versions of Huber's Centrality of Religiosity Scale and Berzonsky's Identity Style Inventory. The results confirmed the expected connection between identity styles and religiosity constructs defined as a system located in the personality of the individual. Indicators of religion correlated most positively with the normative and informational styles and negatively with the diffuse/avoidant style. Attaching weight to religion and giving it an important role in life was associated with having a more mature and adaptive identity style. Lack of interest in religion occurred in people whose identity was fragmented and nonintegrated. Some differences were noted between students of Catholic and non-Catholic schools.
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Typ orientacji społecznej a sposób konstruowania własnej tożsamości przez młodych dorosłych

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Czyżowska D., Gurba E., Białek A.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 3
57-68
EN
The research investigates the relationship between an individual’s social orientation and their identity style. The identity style is understood, following Berzonsky (1989), as the manner in which important life decisions are taken, including those related to one’s identity and ways of coping with everyday problems. Having anticipated differences in ways of constructing identity, decision-making, and coping with problems, the author distinguishes three identity styles: informational, normative, and diffuse-avoidant. In turn, the research in social orientations distinguishes an individualistic and a collectivistic orientation (Reykowski, 1999). They are understood as forms of mentality connected with basic intuitions and beliefs related to the question of which type of a relation between an individual and the community is proper and just. The conducted research verifi ed the existence of sex differences in the construction of identity styles and adopted social orientation, as well as the relation between an individual’s identity style and their social orientation. Berzonsky’s revised Identity Style Inventory (ISI-3) and a questionnaire for the measurement of vertical and horizontal collectivism and individualism (KIRH; Adamska, Retowski, Konarski, 2005) were used to determine an individual’s identity style and social orientation, respectively. The KIRH enabled to identify two types collectivism (vertical and horizontal) and two types of individualism. The sample consisted of 657 subjects (340 female and 317 male), between 22 and 40 years of age. The conducted analysis revealed differences between female and male subjects as regards identity styles and social orientations as well as the relation between certain identity styles and specifi c social orientations.
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Sprawozdanie

51%
Białecka-Pikul M., Czyżowska D., Stępień M.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2007
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vol. 12
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issue 4
PL
Sprawozdanie z XIII Europejskiej Konferencji Psychologii Rozwojowej w Jenie, 21–25 sierpnia 2007 r.
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Dyskusja redakcyjna. Funkcje wychowawcze szkoły i edukacja moralna w Polsce

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Zybała A., Broniarz S., Czyżowska D., Federowicz M., Misiuk T., Osial W., Pacewicz A., Wiśniewski J.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
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2019
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vol. 6
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issue 4(24)
137-168
EN
The following debate took place on September 24, 2019 at the Warsaw School of Economics. Its subject was the issues of upbringing / moral education in schools. On the other hand, the aim was to outline a diagnosis of the situation in this respect, i.e. how schools cope with the implementation of educational functions and moral formation of students. At the beginning, the educational functions of schools were distinguished from the didactic functions (transmission of knowledge from teachers to students), leaving the latter to be discussed on another occasion. The issue of ways of creating a better balance in schools between the two functions they perform: education and transfer of knowledge (didactics) was also discussed.
PL
Poniższa debata odbyła się 24 września 2019 r. w Szkole Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie. Jej przedmiotem była problematyka wychowania/edukacji moralnej w szkołach. Natomiast celem było zarysowanie diagnozy sytuacji w tym zakresie, a więc jak szkoły radzą sobie z realizacją funkcji wychowawczych i kształtowania moralnego uczniów. Na początku odróżniono właśnie funkcje wychowawcze szkół od funkcji dydaktycznych (transmisja wiedzy od nauczycieli do uczniów), pozostawiając tę drugą funkcję do dyskusji przy innej okazji. Omówione zostało także zagadnienie sposobów wytworzenia w szkołach lepszej równowagi między dwiema funkcjami, które realizują: wychowania i przekazywania wiedzy (dydaktyka).
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