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1
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Neuromarketing from a legal perspective

100%
Krausová A.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 1
40-49
EN
Neuromarketing utilizes modern techniques of monitoring brain functioning in order to design efficient advertising contents. Due to its capacity to interfere with and to influence decision process of customers, neuromarketing is regarded as highly controversial. The article examines possible manners of protection of individuals from the perspective of personal autonomy and privacy protection. It analyzes possibilities of challenging validity of legal transactions made under influence of neuromarketing based advertising as well as applicability of unfair practices in advertising. The paper also claims that the current personal data protection legislation is not applicable. Privacy of mind is described in terms of privacy of contents and privacy of processes. Mental processes are considered as crucial for creating contents of mind as well as for an individual approach to own privacy. The article concludes that the current regulation of unfair practices as well as the regulation of privacy do not provide an appropriate level of protection and that general clauses should be complemented with specific provision on inadmissible practices in advertising.
2
Content available remote

Abuse of market power in ICT sector

100%
Krausová A.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 1
75-81
EN
The paper provides a general brief overview of specificities in market abuse (abuse of a dominant position) in the sector of information and communication technologies that have been identified in the literature namely with regard to cases against Microsoft and Google. The paper describes problems related to network effect, technology shift, definition of a relevant market, relationship between the protection of intellectual property and the protection of competition, and a territorial overlap of technologies. Moreover, the paper describes the problem of big data analysis and utilization of artificial intelligence as means of market abuse.
3
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EU competition law and artificial intelligence : reflection on antitrust and consumer protection issues

100%
Krausová A.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2019
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vol. 9
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issue 1
79-84
EN
The paper provides a brief overview of problems identified with use of artificial intelligence in the area of EU competition law. The paper extends the prevalent focus on pricing algorithms and price discrimination and shows how else artificial intelligence could be used to inhibit competition or harm a consumer. Potential possibilities related to agreements between undertakings, abuse of a dominant position and consumer protection including advertising and unfair commercial practices are described.
4
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Law and the use of living biological tissues for research and experimental purposes

100%
Krausová A.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2019
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vol. 9
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issue 4
381-385
EN
This paper focuses on the legal issues related to creation of hybrid robots that utilize living neural tissues and embed them into robotic devices. Its aim is to identify possibilities and limitations of creating these semi-living robots with regard to the legal regulation of use of living biological tissues for research and experimental purposes. The paper analyzes the international law, the EU law and the Czech law. It concludes that the Czech law does not provide clear conditions for using animal neural tissues for creating a hybrid robot.
5
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Investigating accidents of autonomous vehicles from the perspective of intellectual property protection

100%
Krausová A.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2022
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vol. 12
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issue 2
194-200
EN
Autonomous vehicles are equipped with advanced hardware and software components that are protected with different intellectual property rights. In case of an autonomous vehicle accident, investigators can examine the vehicle data, the technical condition of sensors, and the proper functioning of the involved systems. However, detailed inspection of the technology and public hearings examining individual functionalities might interfere with autonomous car producers’ strategies of intellectual property protection. The paper determines whether and under which circumstances such an investigation of autonomous vehicle accidents can interfere with the legitimate interests of car producers in the area of intellectual property protection and what might be the potential solutions to this problem. The paper focuses primarily on Czech and EU law.
6
Content available remote

Biometric data vulnerabilities : privacy implications

51%
Krausová A., Hazan H., Matejka J.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 3
295-306
EN
Biometric data are typically used for the purposes of unique identification of a person. However, recent research suggests that biometric data gathered for the purpose of identification can be analysed for extraction of additional information. This augments indicative value of biometric data. This paper illustrates the range of augmented indicative values of the data as well as identifies crucial factors that contribute to increased vulnerability of data subjects.
7
Content available remote

Deliktní odpovědnost na prahu éry strojů aneb k některým předpokladům vzniku povinnosti nahradit újmu způsobenou provozem autonomních vozidel

51%
Matejka J., Fialová E., Žolnerčíková V., Krausová A.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2021
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vol. 160
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issue 5
313-333
EN
Czech tort law provides sufficient starting points for compensation for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage to the protected property. The obligation to compensate for such damage is imposed for any legally relevant harmful result (typically a threat or risk), regardless of whether the harmful result was caused by fault (subjective liability) or without fault (objective liability). The key aspects of this relationship are a certain “control of risk” so that the possible consequences of this risk are always borne by the subject that has the capability to control this risk, in particular to control or at least minimize the risk. The article focuses mainly on the application of these general and related principles to the new technological phenomenon of today, which are autonomous systems, especially autonomous vehicles. The article deals with particular types of liability of key actors who, due to their nature or position, are capable to control these risks in a qualified manner, whether it is the control in terms of legal, procedural or technological nature of these systems. The subject of the article is, in addition to the general assumptions of the origin of this liability and related reflections at the level of EU law, considerations about the liability of the producer, importer, operators (including a driver), as well as the liability for the physical infrastructure (road owner) and the indispensable data infrastructure. These considerations do not leave out the critical evaluation of the related strategic documents, national or European, including partial considerations related to the testing operation of these systems.
CS
České deliktní právo poskytuje dostatečná východiska k náhradě majetkové i nemajetkové újmy na relevantním chráněném statku. Povinnost k náhradě takové újmy se tak ukládá za jakýkoliv právně relevantní škodlivý výsledek (typicky ohrožení či riziko), a to zcela bez ohledu na to, zda k němu došlo zaviněním (subjektivní odpovědnost), nebo bez zavinění (objektivní odpovědnost). Klíčovým aspektem tohoto vztahu je určitá „kontrola rizika“ tak, aby možné následky tohoto rizika nesl vždy ten odpovědnostní subjekt, který má optimální možnost toto riziko kontrolovat, tj. zejména ho ovládat či alespoň minimalizovat. Předmětem tohoto článku je především aplikace těchto obecných a souvisejících východisek na nový technologický fenomén současnosti, jejž představují autonomní systémy, zejména pak autonomní vozidla. Článek se zabývá jednotlivými druhy odpovědnosti u většiny klíčových aktérů, jež jsou vzhledem ke své povaze či postavení způsobilí kvalifikovaně kontrolovat tato rizika, ať již jde o kontrolu ve smyslu právním, procesním či na základě technologické podstaty fungování těchto systémů. Předmětem článku tak jsou, kromě obecných předpokladů vzniku této odpovědnosti a souvisejících reflexí na úrovní práva EU, úvahy o odpovědnosti výrobce, respektive dovozce, provozovatelů (včetně řidiče), jakož i odpovědnosti za fyzickou (vlastník komunikace) a nezbytnou datovou infrastrukturu. Stranou těchto úvah nezůstává ani kritické hodnocení souvisejících strategických dokumentů, ať již národních či evropských, včetně dílčích úvah spojených s testovacím provozem těchto systémů.
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