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EN
Actions taken in the area of police officers’ trainings are dysfunctional in many respects. Most of the irregularities have been pinpointed by an audit performed in 2005 by NIK (Supreme Audit Office). It is important to note that many of them still persist, which was borne out by research done within an MA seminar conducted in 2011/2012 by the author. The most apparent weak spots include dysfunctions concerning the analysis of training needs or the evaluation of trainings’ effectiveness, as well as their low quality compared to contemporary standards.
EN
Changes taking place in the internal and external environments of enterprises, as well as affecting workers' systems of values and their expectations modify the way the enterprises view management. The building of a knowledge society and knowledge economy started at the turn of the 20th and 21st c., the appearance of learning organizations that constantly adapt themselves and learn because all their workers learn and develop themselves has left a special mark on the human resource management. Especially today, enterprises' educational activities within the HRM area should be consistent with other HRM elements and the strategy, organizational culture and structure of a firm. The entire training processes, starting from the assessment of training needs, through training implementation, its organization, selection of training methods, to the evaluation of the actions' effectiveness is central to managing a modern enterprise. By expanding workers' competencies, organizations create opportunities enabling them to achieve their goals and grow, but also to satisfy workers' aspirations and motivate them. Because the Polish enterprises are global players, they also participate in EU educational projects and benefit from them. This exchange of lessons learnt and joint work on solutions seem especially valuable for managing training activities and improving workers and organizations' competencies.
EN
A knowledge society is something more than merely the availability of skills allowing to use, create, and apply electronic devices in economic processes. At its core, the concept resembles the degree of development of social well-being that at the present level of productive resources can only be achieved through the utilization of mass production and large-scale application of knowledge in order to improve the quality and security of life. The paper aims to describe the idea of measuring progress in building a knowledge society using indicators such as the Index of Knowledge Societies (IKS) and then setting the obtained information against data provided by the Human Development Index (HDI). Rankings of countries resulting from the above measures were analysed and the level of knowledge society development in Poland shown; the examination of specific measures allowed to identify, where Poland's achievements differ from those characteristic of countries leading in both types of rankings.
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Wprowadzenie

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LA
Wstęp do Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica nr 210
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EN
The activation of free market mechanisms brought about many changes in the Polish economy and contributed to the emergence of unemployment. The changes made it necessary to analyse the labour market, employment, types of jobs and to identify individuals' capabilities, job seekers' vocational aptitude, and new approaches to learning and training. This resulted in the appearance of demand for qualified guidance and job counselling specialists helping youth and adults choose careers and education paths. The article aims to describe activities specific to job counsellors in Labour Offices, as well as tasks and responsibilities connected with the profession. It also presents measures to counter unemployment applied by the District Labour Office in Łódź in the year 2003.
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EN
A modern economy based on knowledge and information technologies requires new skills to be formed for all types of occupations. The system of education is a solution that helps respond to the challenge. A true educational revolution took place in Poland after 1989. Modifications involved the levels of education, types of schools, but also the structure of education. We can say that the secondary education (with an A-level certificate) is at last common in Poland and higher education shows dynamic expansion. This is the area where the distance between our country and the most developed countries in the world has been successfully shortened. In addition, Poland actively joined the process of implementing EU educational directives. Actions aimed at expanding the lifelong learning opportunities were initiated, but this field still needs attention, because of the lack of common awareness that constant self-improvement and self-development are necessary. The following are the key educational challenges in Poland for the coming years: better quality of education, spread of higher education and adjustment of the structure of education to the demand for labour.
EN
The dynamic formation of an information society is one of the basic change processes today. It makes education a fundamental factor. In macro economic terms, education helps create a knowledge-based economy and in the case of individuals competencies acquired in the process of education determine their position in the society, as well the opportunities of realizing careers. Polish educational structures and concepts still fall short of the information society needs. It is therefore necessary to launch multidirectional adjustment actions in this area, while taking into account standards characteristic of the EU member states.
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System informacji na rynku pracy

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EN
The evolution of a modem economy affects the labour market as well. The study presents the results of labour force forecasts prepared by the Inter-Ministry Team for Labour Demand Forecasts (with the Government Centre for Strategic Studies). The results make part of the labour market information system and allow to identify change trends in the labour market structure of occupations and qualifications, help obtain information on jobs that contribute to unemployment, or those that suffer from the shortage of adequately skilled candidates. The labour market statistics is responsible for providing grounds enabling the estimation of the actual labour supply and for predicting change trends in the demand for labour. Based on the presented discussion, we can conclude that the structure of unemployment by occupation reflects economic changes taking place in our country.
EN
In the modern world, a socio-economic development is essentially based on knowledge. It is therefore believed that educational investments can accelerate the pace of economic growth and in the individual dimension help better prepare school-leavers to launch a satisfying career. The article discusses directions of the Polish vocational education reform and the concept of vocational lifelong learning. Surveys of school leavers' further careers were proposed to asses the effectiveness of the actions taken. The article characterizes the method and discusses the present state and directions in further development of the Polish vocational school system based on results provided by surveys conducted in Poland.
EN
The article contains a presentation of various systems of disability pensions in the economically developed countries of Western Europe, the United States and Зарап. The following elements of these systems have been described: mode of financing pensions, conditions of granting disability pensions, way of calculating the amount of pensions and additional allowances, valorization system. The solutions adopted with regard to particular elements are differentiated. Their review has allowed to formulate conclusions, which might find reference to the Polish conditions.
EN
The article presents some results of the research on the unemployed in Lodz, done in the middle of 1993. On the base of respondents answers, there has been made an attempt to reconstruct and typologise the perceptional and interpretational patterns of the unemployment, used by the respondents. The predominant attitutde in the situation of being unemployed is a strong frustration and making claims for special benefits, and the lower level of objectivity and constructionism. Respondents’ answers also proves that there are few interpretative stereotypes of unemployment in unemployed consciousness. Some of them see the causes of unemployment as badwill or incompetence of authorities or withdrawal from the idea of socialism. Such a stereotyping is typical from respondents with lower educational level. Other interpretational stereotypes, usually from respondents with high school or university education, criticise slow progress in the building of the free market economy and unsalisfactionary support of the unemployed activity.
EN
The transformation of the Polish economy has had several implications on the labour market. The proportion of the labour market has been entirely reversed in relation to the recent past. In this situation, the labour resources management carried out in some companies, gains a new meaning. The article tries to show the double role of companies as participants on the labour market, companies stimulate supply and demand side of free work force - offering but also cutting jobs. The existence of unemployment, on the local market creates more suitable condition for firms improving their employment structure. In spite of high rates of unemployment on such a market like Lodz, there is permanent flow of personnel to, and from companies. On the base of empirical research in 63 different Lodz’s companies the author shows the impact of environment and internal conditions of companies on the direction and intensity of personnel flow in 1992-94, as well as companies efforts in rationalisation of employment in this period.
EN
This article shows the system of unemployment benefits in Poland in relation to systems implemented in chosen European countries: German, France, Belgium and Sweden. The characteristic of particular system solution has been based on the following criteria: way and conditions of granting benefit, sources of financing, principles involved in fixing the amount and the period of the benefit. The analysis reveals that solutions are adjusted much better to the situation on the labour market, in the other countries than in Poland. The analysis shows that changes in mechanism of the benefits systems, in the last years, goes to the direction of stimulation of higher activity of the unemployed.
EN
Evaluation of activities carried out by public offices responsible for employment could be described in many dimensions, in terms of: improvement of the service quality for unemployed (offices, personnel, technical support and others), accurateness in selection of active forms of unemployment effects counteraction, socio-economic profitability of particular forms of unemployment reduction. In every case the evaluation should include regional conditions such as the rate and the structure of unemployment, the existing level of economic development and predicted changes in this level. Proposed indicators for evaluating the efficiency of public offices and used by this offices unemployment reduction program, takes into account the wide range of its potentials. However there is not one system, which could be used in the whole country. The analysis of the level of the chosen indicators for the Province of Lodz in the period of five months in 1994 illustrates the complexity of the evaluation of employment offices activity.
EN
The Province of Lodz is regarded as the region with the highest rate of unemployment in Poland. The analysis of this situation reveals the urgent need for active policy to fight unemployment. The analysis should concentrate on making better conditions for the emergence of small and medium sized businesses. Two methods should be adopted to reduce unemployment, taking into account realities of Lodz’s market: credit support of the enterprenuership and training of the unemployed. One of the most effective and desired forms of support for business activities are so called enterprenuership incubators. In June 1993 such an institution was established in Lodz. It has to be underlined, the Lodz’s enterprenuership incubator activity in the field of organisation, marketing and promotion as well as trade. The incubator also helps eliminate other negative effects of unemployment.
EN
This paper is devoted to economical costs and social consequences of unemployment, an example of this is the Province of Lodz. I he paper consist of four parts. The first gives general characteristic of costs and consequences of unemployment and describes problems with the measurement of these facts. The second part includes analysis of direct and indirect costs of unemployment in the Province of Lodz in 1990-93. Analysing direct cost has been taken into account Labour Found expenditures and costs of active reduction оГ unemployment as well as social welfare expenditures on unemployed and their families. It has been also estimated, expenditures on early retirement. Analysing indirect costs it has been estimated unemployment costs in the grey zone of economy, costs of so called lax and insurance gap and costs of production lactors (Gross National Product). The third part of the paper concentrates on evaluation of trends and forms in coping with unemployment in the Province of Lodz in relation to the trend in the whole country. The fourth part attempts to outline some social consequences of unemployment. The paper also includes some conclusions reached by the author during his research.
EN
The paper “General chracteristic of unemployment in the Province of Lodz in 1990-1993” aims to show trends in the Lodz’s labour market. It helps to broaden the knowledge about unemployment in the region and the threat that it causess. The paper is based on the materials from Employment Office of the Province (Wojewódzki Urząd Pracy) and includes data on: - structure o f unemployment by age, - structure o f unemployment by educational level, - uncmloyment among handicaps, - structure o f unemployment among young people, - unemployment in a particular sector of the economy, - number o f unemployed in relation to the period of being unemployed, - unemployment in relation to the causes o f being unemployment. The data shows that unemployment in the Province of Lodz increased more than two times in 90-93, it concerns to a higher degree women and also affects old people with poor education and few qualifications.
EN
Proper division of wages in a plant is of fundamental importance for ensuring successful motivation through wages in conditions of the economic reform and autonomy of enterprises. What is meant here is especially observance of the principle of division according to work being oposlte to wage egalitarianism. For an employee a wage is of a gratifying and motivating value when it is just and right according to them. The article shows the essence and conceptions of a just wage. In order to convince themselves what wages received by them are like employees make appropriate comparisons in their immediate occupational environment and such comparisons determine their stance towards performed work and obtained pay. The basic information for a proper differentiation of wages is provided by analytical valuation of work. The article describes differentiation of wages and work on worker- and non-worker-jobs in an industrial enterprise against the back-ground of results of work valuation by means of "UMEWAP-87" method. Moreover, there are shown changes in the field of employees' grading and wages caused by the new system of employees' grading.
EN
The author treats a welfare minimum as a category of the social policy, which among others should be used to identify households suffering from unfavourable living conditions as a result of insufficient current incomes and size of possessed material resources, as weil as to evaluate this phenomenon quantitatively. A special attention has been paid to the existing differentiation of incomes and wealth of households in the light of a welfare minimum considered to be a minimum Income and minimum equipment of a household with consumer durables, and to existing divergences between theoretical aspects of using a welfare minimum for appraisal of poverty and practice. The application of a welfare minimum as a tool for measuring poverty in the Polish conditions is supplemented by deliberations focussed on selected Western countries.
EN
The central wage policy performs many functions in relation to state-owned economic units. One of such functions is the determining of financial resources for wages. Through determining these resources the economic Centre as a calculating unit exerts its influence on a state-owned enterprise as an operational unit. This assumes the form of methods of shaping wage resources, whose detailed variants contain solutions based on the economic calculus of a calculating unit. Such way of perceiving the system of shaping wage resources can be found in the firstpart of the article. Another aim of the article was to determine the impact of central parameters on the economic calculus and wage situation of enterprises. The simulation of basic ratios for 1989 presented in the article should be treated as an illustration of the problem of the functioning of the system according to which wage resources are shaped. This system is characterized by its low effectiveness and that is why its Weaknesses and some directions of its changes are presented in the final conclusions.
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