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European Union's External Neighbourhood Policy

100%
Dobroczynski M.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2004
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issue 14
92-107
EN
The process of unification of the twenty-five EU countries presents many internal difficulties that stem, in the first place, from large spans between the levels of economic advancement of the individual member countries, but also from certain cultural and civilization differences, as well as from some relics of historical antagonisms. However, the internal integration is not tantamount to a policy of isolation of the integrated group from closer contacts with its external surroundings. The European Union is more and more decisively tending towards constructive rapprochement with its eastern and southern (Mediterranean) neighbours, in the belief that an extensive economic and cultural cooperation will promote political stabilization and general development and help the Union's neighbours with attaining higher stages of advancement. At the same time, the Union itself will gain greater security and additional economic advantage. Apart from its relations with neighbours, the Union continues to attach importance to tightening the relations with a number of other countries that, though spatially more remote, are in many respects closely connected with the Union. This in particular regards the 70 associated African, Caribbean, Pacific and Mercosur Group countries.
2
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Japan's Economy and International Determinants

100%
Dobroczynski M.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2003
|
issue 11
3-19
EN
The Japan's economic specificity largely resulted from its insular isolation. However, the 20th century revealed important potentialities that ensue for a disciplined society from its going over to a policy of opening to the external world. Of course, traditions of the East still always play an important role, but skilful utilization of world-wide economic accomplishments and the impressive export expansion led to Japan's becoming the second-ranking global economic power, with position to a large extent compensated for the insufficiency of political influence. At the same time, Japan adopted the majority of efficient economic tools of the greatest world power, the United States. However, a system combining the national specificity with the opening to the external world does not always prove effective. Hence, Japan is permanently missing a strategic model that might consistently utilize combined traditional and modern means of stimulating the economic development. In addition, the strong growth in wealth seriously reduced the country's international competitiveness because of increased labour costs. Thus, since a certain time already, its economy has remained stagnant, which however does not entail any visible signs of serious social discontent. In this situation, much will now depend on improvement in the international market, which can permit Japan a fuller utilization of the chances stemming from its surplus expansion on the foreign markets.
3
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World Phenomenon of the Chinese Economic Dynamics

100%
Dobroczynski M.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2005
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issue 17
6-27
EN
From the end of the seventies Chinese economic achievements attracted the whole world's unflagging attention. The sources of the long-lasting development success are many while the specific conditions of modern Chinese uniqueness should be searched even in many thousand of years of shaping a different civilization. Thus, to some degree it concerns also separate elements of the current strategic and tactical concepts, and especially the dynamic economic growth philosophy on the market terms - with only some aberrations, at the same time keeping the authoritarian political system that liberalizes itself insignificantly and slowly. After many years of rapid growth China gained export surpluses not only when it comes to the traditional consumable articles but also in the area of electronics, certain industrial appliances etc., which shows the gradually growing industrial versatility. With strong development of its own scientific-research area, it is also important that foreign direct investments from many world countries, including Taiwan, enter the Chinese market in record quantities. Chinese development dynamics already caused significant prosperity growth in some regions, however, chosen parts of the rural economy stay outside the area of the intensive growth. One also has to notice that the extremely quick growth creates potentially different kinds of threats to the economic balance and structural transformation in China.
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