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Rhematizers revisited

100%
Hajičová E.
Linguistica Pragensia
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2010
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vol. 20
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issue 2
57-70
EN
The specific function of certain particles from the point of view of the bipartition of the sentence was noted first by Jan Firbas (1957), who later called them 'rhematizers'. The same class of words was studied in detail in the context of formal semantics by Math Rooth (1985) in relation to the prosodic prominence of the words that followed them; he called this class 'focalizers'. Both terms refer to the apparent function of these particles, namely as being 'associated' with the focus of the sentence. Since then, Rooth's approach has been followed by several specialists in formal semantics. However, the assumption of such an exclusive function of these particles has been found to be too simplistic, an analogy with a semantic analysis of negation was claimed to be a more adequate approach (Hajičová, 1995) and a distinction has been made between 'the (global) focus' of the sentence and 'the focus' of the focalizer by Hajičová, Partee and Sgall (1998). Based on the observations of Kateřina Veselá, who has devoted considerable attention to the issue of the scope of focalizers as reflected in the richly annotated corpus of Czech (Prague Dependency Treebank) and a similarly based annotation of English in the socalled Prague English Dependency Treebank, in our contribution we single out some complicated (and intricate) cases concerning first of all the occurrence of focalizers with a restricted freedom of position, with a distant placement of focalizers and their possible postposition, and the semantic scope of focalizers.
2
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On scalarity in information structure

100%
Hajičová E.
Linguistica Pragensia
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2012
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vol. 22
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issue 2
60-78
EN
In the present paper, different scales discussed in the relevant linguistic literature are characterized and compared, first of all those that are related in some way or another to the information structure of the sentence. We then introduce our scale based on a partial ordering of mental images in the stock of knowledge assumed by the speaker to be shared by him and the hearer during the discourse. This hierarchy has a cognitive background but is reflected in the structure of the sentence, be it its information structure, or the types of referring expressions. The activation scale and its impact is then illustrated on a segment of parallel English and Czech text.
3
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Ověřování lingvistické teorie nad počítačovým korpusem

100%
Hajičová E.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2008
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vol. 69
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issue 1-2
131-142
EN
The building up and annotation of text corpora (both written and spoken) has become one of the urgent topics in present-day linguistics; the creation of the Czech National Corpus and the morphologically and syntactically annotated Prague Dependency Treebank documents that the Prague Linguistic School has not only kept contact with the recent trends of linguistic studies in the world, but in some aspects, it even sets an example. In the present contribution, several linguistic phenomena are selected to illustrate how a systematically designed and carefully implemented deep-level annotation of a large corpus of Czech texts may serve to verify linguistic theory. The theory underlying the annotation is that of Functional Generative Description (FGD) designed by Petr Sgall in the early 1960s as an original alternative to Chomskyan transformational grammar and developed since then by a group of Praguian theoretical and computational linguists at Charles University.
4
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K některým otázkám závislostní gramatiky

100%
Hajičová E.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2006
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vol. 67
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issue 1
3-26
EN
The popularity of dependency-based syntax has grown in the last thirty years, in spite of the fact that phrase-structure-based descriptions have prevailed in so-called mainstream linguistics. Two factors are important here: (i) a growing interest in semantics, which results in the penetration of dependency-based notions into the original phrase-structure-based grammars, (ii) dependency offers a more perspicuous view of the sentence structure and as such has played an important role in computational linguistics. We first summarize the basic tenets of both theories mentioned above (Section 2) and point out the reasons for the growing interest in dependency-based grammars (Section 3). In Section 4, attention is focused on one of the issues often quoted as problematic in dependency-based analysis, namely cases in which the surface order of words is not in accordance with the condition of projectivity. The analysis, based on material from the Prague Dependency Treebank, supports the claim made by Functional Generative Description that this issue can be adequately solved by postulating a dependency-based underlying (tectogrammatical) syntactic structure that meets the condition of projectivity and by describing the relationship between this structure and the surface word order on the basis of certain contextual conditions.
5
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Standardní čeština a korpus

63%
Hajičová E., Schmiedtová V.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2006
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vol. 67
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issue 4
262-266
EN
The use of Common Czech in the media is continually growing, and it is quite natural that issues of the standard norm are discussed in Czech linguistic journals. Since the time of Vilém Mathesius, linguists have been aware that the norm of Standard Czech or its codification has moved unduly far from everyday usage. This makes it urgently necessary to pay systematic attention to colloquial usage and to recognize the existence of a transitional zone of oscillation between Standard and Common Czech. The present growth of computer-accessible language resources makes it possible to base the studies on larger sets of data, but conclusions should not be drawn without appropriate regard to the findings presented in contributions based on data from spoken language.
6
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Zachycení výstavby textu v Pražském závislostním korpusu

39%
Zikánová Š., Poláková L., Jínová P., Nědolužko A., Rysová M., Mírovský J., Hajičová E.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2015
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vol. 76
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issue 3
163-197
EN
Language corpora annotation schemes cover various layers of sentence description nowadays - from morphology to semantics. Annotation projects concerning phenomena beyond the sentence boundaries, however, started to attract the attention of corpus linguists only recently. In the present contribution, we describe a unified approach to analysis of discourse phenomena, aimed and developed for a large-scale annotation of Czech empirical data of the Prague Dependency Treebank. This approach is based on two fundamental pillars: (i) it exploits the results of one of the first complex schemes for discourse annotation proposed and realized in the Penn Discourse Treebank for English; (ii) it follows the Praguian Functional Generative Description and treebanking tradition, taking advantage of the tectogrammatical (underlying) layer of sentence analysis and extending it to a full discourse-level description. Our analysis concentrates on two major aspects of discourse coherence: (i) on discourse relations (semantic relations between discourse segments) and discourse connectives as their lexical anchors; and (ii) on coreference and the so-called bridging anaphora. We present a detailed description of the annotation scheme and procedure, address individual problematic issues and offer basic corpus statistics and annotation evaluation.
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