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Fiskalne koszty bezrobocia a wydatki na aktywną politykę rynku pracy w Niemczech

100%
Nyklewicz K.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2017
|
vol. 103
235-149
PL
Fiskalne koszty bezrobocia to z jednej strony ogół wydatków państwa na przeciwdziałanie bezrobociu, a z drugiej utracone dochody, jakie państwo mogłoby mieć z tytułu pracy osób bezrobotnych. Są one ściśle związane z wydatkami na aktywną politykę rynku pracy, ponieważ te ostatnie mogą przyczynić się do zakończenia lub uniknięcia bezrobocia. Koszty aktywnej polityki rynku pracy są z powodów przyjętej systematyki wyłączone z kosztów fiskalnych bezrobocia, po części jednak są refinansowane dzięki oszczędnościom poczynionym w zakresie jego finansowania. Koszty bezrobocia obciążają w Niemczech budżet federalny, budżety krajowe, gmin oraz budżet Federalnej Agencji Pracy.
EN
The fiscal costs of unemployment are on one hand generally occurring public expenditures contributing to the counteracting of unemployment, and on the other hand lost revenues that the state could receive from the work of unemployed people. They are closely linked to the expenditures for the active labor market politics as the second ones can concur to the termination or the avoidance of unemployment. Based on the generally accepted classification the costs of the active labor market politics are excluded from the fiscal costs of unemployment, but partly they are refinanced by savings achieved within the financing of unemployment. In Germany the costs of unemployment burden the federal budget, the state budgets and commune budgets as well as the budget of the Federal Employment Agency.
2
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ACTIVATION OF LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYED IN THE EASTERN REGIONS OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

100%
Nyklewicz K.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
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2009
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vol. 4
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issue 2
182-196
EN
The process of the standardization of the economic structure in the eastern and western lands of the Federal Republic of Germany has, nonetheless the strong involvement of the state over two decades, not been completed yet. This is confirmed by the diversified situation in the labor market in both parts of the country, which is much more difficult in the eastern regions. The reduction of long-term unemployment that stays at a relatively high level somehow contrary to the implemented labor market reforms and favorable market development during the years 2005-2008 is the most urgent task.
3
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REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE LOW WAGES SECTOR IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

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Nyklewicz K.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
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2010
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vol. 5
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issue 2
242-257
EN
The share of low wage employment in the Federal Republic of Germany has increased significantly during the recent years. Because of considerable disproportions in the size of wages between the western and the eastern Lands it was necessary to introduce two different thresholds of low wages. The conducted studies show that the size of the low wages sector depends on its assumed definition and on the groups of employees included in the study. Its regional differentiation is influenced by numerous factors that are both the consequence of historical happenings and the result of the contemporary transformations taking place within the borders of the united German State.
4
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Minimum Wage and Its Impact on the Job Market in Germany

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Nyklewicz K.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
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2016
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vol. 11
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issue 2
151-163
EN
The introduction of the national minimum wage in Germany in 2015 is an important yet controversial instrument of labour market policy. This paper represents an attempt to define the scope of influence it has on companies and employees in respective branches of economy (accommodation and food services business, retail trade, manufacture of food products, transportation and warehouse management). In order to accomplish it the method of analysis and criticism of literature has been applied. It allowed to conduct an evaluation of the discussed dependence.The preliminary findings indicate that interference is especially high in the low wages sector. To show the consequences the national minimum wage has on the job market, positive changes in employment and unemployment levels in the given period (the increase in the first and the drop in the second one) were presented. This meant that the fears concerning a few thousand job losses, as a result of introducing the minimum wage, were unjustified. In this paper articles and analyses published by German research institutes were used. The statistical data comes from the databases of these institutes and of the Federal Employment Agency. The research period considers the years 2014–2015, specifically one year before and half a year after the introduction of the minimum wage in Germany with the aim of highlighting the changes in the employment size caused by the minimum wage.
5
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Rozwój indywidualnych kont czasu pracy w Niemczech i ich znaczenie dla stabilizacji zatrudnienia

100%
Nyklewicz K., Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie K. P. S.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2013
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vol. 281
EN
During the last economic crisis the level of employment in Germany has not only decreased, but even increased in comparison to many European countries. This unexpected development on the labour market has to be assigned to the companies’ adjustment strategies that have been implemented with the introduction of internal and external flexibility in the arrays of employment and working time. This approach was based on retaining the present personnel on one hand and on reduction of working time on the other. In particular quick and pertinent decisions on the application of the instruments of internal flexibility allowed avoiding mass dismissals. As a consequence a rapid increase of unemployment could be prevented. Especially, the decision on the introduction of short-time work and the use of individual flextime wage records contributed mainly to this positive development. In this case, success has indeed many fathers because it has been the result not only of the intervening politics of the state, but also the cooperation of employers with the workers councils. From today’s point of view it is difficult to judge so far whether the cooperation was intended in this kind of way, but nevertheless this new model of successful cooperation is an important starting point in the development of effective instruments of countercyclical labour market politics. The elaboration presented in this article tends to the confirmation of the thesis, that one of these instruments in Germany are the individual flextime wage records.
6
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Strategie personalne przedsiębiorstw niemieckich wobec następstw reformy emerytalnej w 2014 roku

100%
Nyklewicz K.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2016
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vol. 293
101-117
PL
Głównym założeniem wprowadzonej w 2014 r. nowelizacji ustawy o ubezpieczeniu emerytalnym w Niemczech było ułatwienie przejęcia na emeryturę osobom, które w swej biografii zawodowej mogły wykazać się długoletnim stażem pracy wynoszącym 45 lat. Obniżono również dotychczasową granicę wieku umożliwiającą przejście na emeryturę o dwa lata, tj. z 65 do 63 lat. Reakcje przedsiębiorstw na tak postawione warunki polegały głównie na wypracowaniu strategii gwarantujących utrzymanie liczby wykwalifikowanych pracowników na dotychczasowym poziomie. Istotną przesłanką do ich wypracowania było posiadanie przez przedsiębiorstwa odpowiednich potencjałów elastycznego dostosowania.
EN
In 2014 the law on pension insurance in Germany has been updated. Its main assumption has been the simplification of the entry into retirement of people, who could prove in their career a working period of 45 years. Additionally, the age threshold allowing the move into retirement has been decreased by 2 years, this means from 65 to 63. The reactions of enterprises on these new conditions consisted in defining strategies guaranteeing the retention of a number of qualified employees on the previous level. The respective potential for flexible adjustment of the companies was a significant premise for the elaboration of their strategies.
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