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The paper concerns biblical heritage in Polish medieval and early modern literature. In it’s first section the author presents the first Polish psalters and their influence upon religious poetry of the time. The second part focuses on the development of biblical scholarship in medieval and Renaissance Poland, presents the most important old translations of the Bible and shortly discusses their impact on Polish literary culture. The last part of the study shows how various types of biblical plots and characters were present in old Polish drama and theatre, in religious hymns and epics, how biblical patterns inspired certain literary genres; it also stresses certain significant differences between Protestant and Catholic authors of the time. The conclusion of the paper points out serious need for more systematic researches and studies in the subject of biblical tradition in old Polish literature.
EN
The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne 61 (2013), issue 2. The article presents Polish reactions to the famous Jesuit mission in England of 1580, and thus also the beginnings of the formation of the worship of St Edmund Campion in Poland. They are connected with the publication in Kraków (1583) of a translation of Robert Persons’ account entitled De persecutione Anglicana, but also with the position that the history of Campion’s mission took in the work of Piotr Skarga SJ. The Polish writer, showing a lively interest in what was going on with English Catholics and inspiring political interventions in support of Jesuits imprisoned in England (including his subordinate, the Vilnius professor James Bosgrave), in subsequent editions of his very popular hagiographic collection Żywoty świętych [The Lives of Saints] presented Przydatek […] o świętych męczennikach [A Supplement […] on Saint Martyrs] which was modified several times, and in it a paragraph titled O męczennikach w Anglijej [On Martyrs in England]. Its most basic part consisted of—starting with the 1585 edition—the story of St Edmund Campion, St Ralph Sherwin and Alexander Briant’s mission and martyrdom, which was a free adaptation of the narration contained in Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia by John Fenn and John Gibson (1583). Skarga’s interest in the figure of Campion was also reflected in the Polish translation of Rationes decem (1583) that he made at the request of King Stephen Báthory. It may be said that Rationes decem (also published in Latin in 1605) became one of the fundamental apologetic texts in Poland of the early-modern age, and St Edmund Campion, in a sense, became the patron of controversial theology, which would find its confirmation in the 18th century adaptation of Nicholas Sanders and Edward Rishton’s work De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani (1748) written by Jan Poszakowski.
EN
The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 59 (2011), issue 1. The article is the editor-in-chief’s comment to the discussion between Agnieszka Czechowicz and Paweł Bohuszewicz as presented in the current issue of the journal. The author defends philological methods in studying early modern literary texts and expresses her scepticism concerning any methods questioning and negating the fundamental epistemological difference between what is being studied and a researcher himself.
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The article presents Old Polish reactions to the famous Jesuit mission in England of 1580, and thus also the beginnings of formation of the worship of St Edmund Campion in Poland. They are connected with the publication in Krakow (1583) of a translation of Robert Persons account entitled De persecutione Anglicana, but also with the position that the history of Campion’s mission took in the work of Piotr Skarga SJ. The Polish writer, showing a lively interest in what is going on with English Catholics and inspiring political interventions in support of Jesuits imprisoned in England (including his subordinate, the Vilnius professor James Bosgrave), in subsequent editions of his very popular hagiographic collection Żywoty świętych (The Lives of Saints) presented Przydatek […] o świętych męczennikach (A Supplement […] on Saint Martyrs) that was several times modified, and in it a paragraph O męczennikach w Anglijej (On Martyrs in England). Its basic part was constituted by – starting with the 1585 edition – the story of St Edmund Campion, St Ralph Sherwin and Alexander Briant’s mission and martyrdom, which was a free adaptation of the narration contained in Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia by John Fenn and John Gibson (1583). Skarga's interest in the figure of Campion was also reflected in the Polish translation of Rationes decem (1583) that he made at the request of King Stefan Batory. It may be said that Rationes decem (also published in Latin in 1605) became one of the fundamental apologetic texts in Poland at the early-modern age, and St Edmund Campion, in a sense, became the patron of controversial theology, which would find its confirmation in the 18th century adaptation of Nicholas Sanders and Edward Rishton’s work De origine ac progressu schismatic Anglicani (1748) written by Jan Poszakowski.
PL
Okrucieństwo kacyrskie przeciw katolikom w Anglijej. A Polish Voice in the Debate about MartyrdomThis article analyzes the book Okrucieństwo kacyrskie przeciw katolikom w Anglijej, krotko a prawdziwie przez jednego tegoż narodu opisane, a na polski język przełożone (Poznań 1582), and recognizes it as a hitherto unidentified Polish translation of the epistle De persecutione Anglicana by the English Jesuit Robert Persons (vel Parsons). Okrucieństwo kacyrskie was probably based on one of the Latin editions of Persons’ text (1582), containing its second version, different from the first, which had been used for the English translation. The Polish translator remains anonymous, though there are certain premises favouring attribution to Hieronim Powodowski. The book opens with the original long preface, where reference to St Augustine’s principle martyrem facit non poena, sed causa makes the author not only condemn persecutions of the Catholics in England, but also warns against the heretics gaining political power in the Commonwealth and, paradoxically, justifies using religious coercion against them. Persons’ text was rendered faithfully, without any significant reductions or amplifications, and is followed by the unique Polish translation of the 8th chapter of St Cyprian’s De Ecclesiae catholicae unitate, dealing with the problem of true martyrdom. By adding these elements, the Polish author moved Persons’ epistle on to a more general level and transformed it into an argument in the then current debate on true and false martyrs.
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PL
This paper is devoted to the Polish translation of John Foxe’s famous Rerum in Ecclesia gestarum on Christian martyrs, authored by a Calvinist writer, printer and composer Cyprian Bazylik. His monumental Historyja o srogim prześladowaniu Kościoła Bożego (1567) was compiled from the works of John Foxe, Jean Crespin and Heinrich Pantaleon, supplemented with Jan van Utenhove’s account of the thrilling odyssey of the members of the London’s Foreign Church led by Jan Łaski. The author aimed at creation of a complete account of the persecuted Church throughout Europe, starting from John Wycliff to 1563. Historyja is the most significant witness of the impact of Foxe’s theological thought and ideas on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
EN
The article, taking as its starting point the problem of the attribution of the work Zwierzciadło człowieka krześcijańskiego [The Mirror of a Christian Man] (1567), which since the publication of Estreicher’s bibliography was believed to be a translation by Jesuit Stanisław Warszewicki of a fragment of the Libro de la oración y meditación of Louis of Granada, identifies another Jesuit, Szymon Wysocki, as the actual author, and on this occasion presents his two other hitherto unknown translations of the Spanish Dominican’s writings. The work of Wysocki, the most prolific Jesuit translator in early modern Europe, remains unstudied. After all, his translations of the writings of Louis of Granada, as well as his subsequent translations, provide an interesting prism for analysing the mysteries of the spirituality of the first generation of Polish Jesuits and their ways of confronting the “anti-mystical turn” in the Society of Jesus during the generalate of Everard Mercurian and later.
PL
Artykuł, czyniąc punktem wyjścia problem atrybucji dzieła Zwierzciadło człowieka krześcijańskiego (1567), które od czasów publikacji bibliografii Estreichera uważano za sporządzony przez Stanisława Warszewickiego SJ przekład fragmentu Libro de la oración y meditación Ludwika z Granady, wskazuje Szymona Wysockiego SJ jako właściwego tłumacza oraz przy tej okazji przedstawia dwa inne, nieznane dotychczas, przełożone przez niego teksty hiszpańskiego dominikanina. Twórczość Wysockiego, będącego najpłodniejszym tłumaczem jezuickim we wczesnonowożytnej Europie, pozostaje do tej pory niezbadana. Zarówno jego przekłady pism Ludwika z Granady, jak też kolejne translacje są wszakże interesującym pryzmatem, pozwalającym analizować tajemnice duchowości pierwszej generacji jezuitów polskich oraz ich sposoby konfrontowania się ze „zwrotem antymistycznym” w Towarzystwie Jezusowym za generalatu Ewerarda Mercuriana i później.
PL
The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne 61 (2013), issue 2. The article presents Polish reactions to the famous Jesuit mission in England of 1580, and thus also the beginnings of the formation of the worship of St Edmund Campion in Poland. They are connected with the publication in Kraków (1583) of a translation of Robert Persons’ account entitled De persecutione Anglicana, but also with the position that the history of Campion’s mission took in the work of Piotr Skarga SJ. The Polish writer, showing a lively interest in what was going on with English Catholics and inspiring political interventions in support of Jesuits imprisoned in England (including his subordinate, the Vilnius professor James Bosgrave), in subsequent editions of his very popular hagiographic collection Żywoty świętych [The Lives of Saints] presented Przydatek […] o świętych męczennikach [A Supplement […] on Saint Martyrs] which was modified several times, and in it a paragraph titled O męczennikach w Anglijej [On Martyrs in England]. Its most basic part consisted of-starting with the 1585 edition-the story of St Edmund Campion, St Ralph Sherwin and Alexander Briant’s mission and martyrdom, which was a free adaptation of the narration contained in Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia by John Fenn and John Gibson (1583). Skarga’s interest in the figure of Campion was also reflected in the Polish translation of Rationes decem (1583) that he made at the request of King Stephen Báthory. It may be said that Rationes decem (also published in Latin in 1605) became one of the fundamental apologetic texts in Poland of the early-modern age, and St Edmund Campion, in a sense, became the patron of controversial theology, which would find its confirmation in the 18th century adaptation of Nicholas Sanders and Edward Rishton’s work De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani (1748) written by Jan Poszakowski.
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