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La maison de Saxe et la reconnaissance du roi Stanislas-Auguste par les cours du sud [1764-1766]

100%
Bajer J.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
|
2012
|
issue 5
257-277
PL
So far, the issue of recognition and legitimacy of king Stanislaus August on an international scene has not aroused any particular interest among Polish scholars.  The aim of the author is to present the singular role which the children of the late king August III played in the matter of recognition of the new king elect by the courts of the so-called southern arrangement in  1764-1766.             The period of the first two years of Stanislaus August’s reign was of paramount importance to the new king, since at the time he still enjoyed a relative freedom with regard to his Russian patroness, tsaritsa Catherine II. The new monarch devoted the time immediately following the election  to the efforts to have his majesty recognized and then perhaps to form an alliance, even by marriage, with one of the Western states (France in particular), in order to consolidate his invariably weak position within the Republic itself, as well as his standing on the international scene with respect to Russia.             Unfortunately, the countries opposingRussiaandPrussia, belonging to arrangement which received the denomination of “southern”  after the 7 Years War, namelyFrance,AustriaandSpain, recalled their representatives fromPolandshortly before the election of Stanislaus August, thereby demonstrating their stand on the person of the new king, in whom they saw a Russian puppet. Moreover, thanks to the efforts of Marie Josephine of Saxony, daughter of the late king August III, sister of a  new candidate to the throne and the Dauphine at the court of Versailles, it was decided that the recognition of the power of the new king should be withheld, until Saxon interests in Poland had not been properly secured, and until the Saxon supporters had not regained their former positions and properties.  From the victorious election of Stanislaus August in September 1764, the losing French candidate, and at the same time a brother of Marie Josephine, crown prince Francis Xavier of Saxony, kept the family resolved not to accept envoys from the new king and not to enter any talks with him until the conditions set by the Saxon family had not been met.  Thus, Saxony efficiently obstructed the recognition of Stanislas August by allied states,France,AustriaandSpain, until October 1965 when the act of mutual renouncement of all financial claims on the part ofPolandandSaxonyhad been signed and appropriate pensions and appanages voted by the Polish parliament for princes Francis Xavier and Charles of Kurland. Once the Saxon demands had been satisfied, Louis  XV, Marie Therese  and Charles III took the decision to recognise the majesty of Stanislaus August in early 1766.   
FR
So far, the issue of recognition and legitimacy of king Stanislaus August on an international scene has not aroused any particular interest among Polish scholars.  The aim of the author is to present the singular role which the children of the late king August III played in the matter of recognition of the new king elect by the courts of the so-called southern arrangement in  1764-1766.             The period of the first two years of Stanislaus August’s reign was of paramount importance to the new king, since at the time he still enjoyed a relative freedom with regard to his Russian patroness, tsaritsa Catherine II. The new monarch devoted the time immediately following the election  to the efforts to have his majesty recognized and then perhaps to form an alliance, even by marriage, with one of the Western states (France in particular), in order to consolidate his invariably weak position within the Republic itself, as well as his standing on the international scene with respect to Russia.             Unfortunately, the countries opposingRussiaandPrussia, belonging to arrangement which received the denomination of “southern”  after the 7 Years War, namelyFrance,AustriaandSpain, recalled their representatives fromPolandshortly before the election of Stanislaus August, thereby demonstrating their stand on the person of the new king, in whom they saw a Russian puppet. Moreover, thanks to the efforts of Marie Josephine of Saxony, daughter of the late king August III, sister of a  new candidate to the throne and the Dauphine at the court of Versailles, it was decided that the recognition of the power of the new king should be withheld, until Saxon interests in Poland had not been properly secured, and until the Saxon supporters had not regained their former positions and properties.  From the victorious election of Stanislaus August in September 1764, the losing French candidate, and at the same time a brother of Marie Josephine, crown prince Francis Xavier of Saxony, kept the family resolved not to accept envoys from the new king and not to enter any talks with him until the conditions set by the Saxon family had not been met.  Thus, Saxony efficiently obstructed the recognition of Stanislas August by allied states,France,AustriaandSpain, until October 1965 when the act of mutual renouncement of all financial claims on the part ofPolandandSaxonyhad been signed and appropriate pensions and appanages voted by the Polish parliament for princes Francis Xavier and Charles of Kurland. Once the Saxon demands had been satisfied, Louis  XV, Marie Therese  and Charles III took the decision to recognise the majesty of Stanislaus August in early 1766.  
2
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Dzieje archiwum księcia Ksawerego Saskiego – historycznego dziedzictwa Francji, Polski i Niemiec

100%
Bajer J.
Studia Źródłoznawcze. Commentationes
|
2020
|
vol. 58
EN
The article discusses the history of the split of Prince Xavier of Saxony’s archive into three parts: a French (the Departmental Archives in Troyes), Polish (the Polish Library in Paris), and German one (the Saxon Main State Archive in Dresden). The article presents the successive stages of the scattering process throughout the 19th century and on the selected examples taken from the French and Polish historiography shows how the split of the collection affected the state of research on the life of the Saxon Prince.
PL
W artykule omówiono historię rozproszenia archiwum ks. Ksawerego Saskiego na trzy części – francuską (Archiwum Departamentalne w Troyes), polską (Biblioteka Polska w Paryżu) oraz niemiecką (Saskie Główne Archiwum Państwowe w Dreźnie). Przedstawiono kolejne etapy procesu rozproszenia w XIX w. oraz pokazano na przykładach konkretnych prac z francuskiej i polskiej historiografii, jak rozbicie zbioru wpłynęło na stan badań prowadzonych nad życiem saskiego księcia.
3
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Regulaminy i instrukcje Polskiej Szkoły Orientalnej w Stambule z lat 1766, 1772 i 1778

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Bajer J.
Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty
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2021
|
vol. 58
209-228
EN
The article aims to present the content of three rulebooks drawn up in French for students and teachers of the Polish Oriental School in Istanbul in 1766, 1772 and 1778. These materials come from the Princes Czartoryski Library in Kraków and the Popiel Collection in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. The first instruction was drawn up in the year of the establishment of the Polish Oriental School [Jeunes de langues] on the Bosphorus, namely in 1766. It was written by Tomasz Aleksandrowicz and Karol Boscamp-Lasopolski in accordance with the recommendations received earlier by these two diplomats from King Stanisław II August. Another regulation was created in His Majesty’s Cabinet six years later, in 1772. Its author was Jacek Bartłomiej Ogrodzki, a close associate of the monarch. The last regulation known from literature was created on the occasion of Karol Boscamp-Lasopolski’s legation to Turkey in 1778. The changes in the recommendations for students and teachers over the course of 12 years show the obstacles and difficulties faced by the creators of the first Polish school for dragomans.
4
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Le Grand Tour du dernier élu de Pologne. Chez Madame Geoffrin (1753–1754

100%
Bajer J.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
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2012
|
issue 6
241-260
FR
The Grand Tour of Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski has so far been an integral element in all biographies devoted to the last king of thePolish-LithuanianCommonwealth.  However, without no attention has been paid to the visit of the young Polish nobleman in the salon of the famed Madame Geoffrin, the best known French friend and confidante of the king. The well-known memoirs of the ruler and the relatively unknown correspondence between young Poniatowski and a friend, August Sułkowski, which has survived until today in the collection of the Library of Dukes Czartoryski in Cracow, offers an insight into the impressions and reflections that the future king had during the period of his youth spent in Paris.  The travel acrossWestern Europe, which was the custom among young noblemen, had also been a part of Poniatowski’s experience. His parents sent him on his bachelor tour to the neighbouring German countries, and then on to theNetherlands,Franceand eventuallyEngland.  The observations made by the young Poniatowski during that time exerted a substanstial impact on the future king’s view of the world.  In particular, comparing the affluent and prosperous Western states with the deteriorated and backward Commonwealth left a mark to which the memoirs bear a testimony even today.  The rich and well-developed commerce ofAmsterdamor the imposing political culture of the Brits made a gerat impression on the young traveller. Nevertheless, it was the sejour inFrance, under the roof of a former friend of castellan Poniatowski, that proved most influential with regard to his tastes and interests. The acquaintance with the renown Madame Geoffrin, who hosted a greatly successful literary salon in the street of Saint-Honoré inParisenabled the young Pole to enter the world of French elites and learn about the mechanism which governed the French literary republic. In his correspondence with August Sułkowski, Poniatowski would describe his first impressions from the French capital, his first successes and failures as well as general remarks on the life of the French elite or the court in Versailles.  His stay had also registered positively in the memories of the people he met, who remembered him in a most favourable manner. TheParisperiod in the life of Stanisław August gave him the lasting friendship with Madame Geoffrin, who remained king’s confidante until her death in 1777.  
5
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Macocha idealna: aktywność Anny Luizy z Mycielskich Radziwiłłowej w świetle francuskiej korespondencji dyplomatycznej (1764–1765)

63%
Bajer J., Mariani A.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
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2014
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issue 10
281-311
PL
The paper offers an insight into the diplomatic activities of princess Anna Luiza Radziwiłłowa nee Mycielska, second wife and widow of the great general of Lithuania, Michał Kazimierz “Rybeńko” Radziwiłł, in the aftermath of the election of Stanisław August to the Polish throne. The main sources comprise diplomatic correspondence between France and Gdańsk, where the princess lived during the exile of her stepson, following his opposition to the new king. The paper aims at showing how Anna Luiza tried to gain political support from France as well as how her efforts were perceived by the French diplomacy.     
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