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Pogrzeb szlachetnego Kaspra Wyleżyńskiego w Wieluniu w 1651 roku

100%

Kamler M.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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2012

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vol. 60

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issue 2

283-288

EN

The article concerns the documentation of the costs of the funeral of Kasper Wyleżyński, preserved in the court archives of the Sieradz province. The nobleman, who died in Wieluń, lived out his days there, attended only by his housekeeper, maids and a farmhand. His family, originating from Great Poland, belonged to the middle class of the nobility and never aspired to higher offices than that of a parliament member. The document, published in the appendix to the article, contains information on the quality and prices of the goods purchased in connection with the funeral, on the cost of materials and services necessary to perform the funeral, on donations and alms for Church institutions and on the funeral ceremony itself.

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Agresja szlachty płockiej na początku XVII wieku / Violence amongst the Nobility of the Płock Region at the beginning of the 17 th century

100%

Kamler M.

Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego

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2018

PL

Streszczenie: Badania dotyczą obszaru woj. płockiego w latach 1605-1611. Podstawę stanowią 3072 oskarżenia o różnego rodzaju przemoc, głównie zranienia; sprawcy i ofiary pochodzili z 429 rodzin, zamieszkujących 368 wsi. W ciągu jednego roku szlachta w woj. płockim dokonywała przeciętnie ok. 360 aktów agresji, wśród nich 84% było skierowanych przeciwko szlachcie. Wielu sprawców poranień lub nawet zabójstw dopuszczało się ich wielokrotnie. Szczególną agresywnością wyróżniało się 77 rodzin; prawie wszystkie należały do drobnej szlachty ze wsi zagrodowych. Krwawe porachunki dokonywały się głównie we wsiach położonych w tej samej parafii i w parafiach sąsiednich. Powszechna była agresja między członkami tej samej rodziny: wśród 77 wyodrębnionych rodzin stanowiła ona 45% wszystkich aktów agresji. Wniosek ogólny: na początku XVII w. agresywne zachowania szlachty żyjącej na Mazowszu cechowały głównie szlachtę drobną; porównawcze badania dowodzą że podobna sytuacja istniała na innych obszarach ziem koronnych, gdzie znajdowały się większe skupiska drobnej szlachty, zwłaszcza w Lubelskiem, Łęczyckiem, na Podlasiu, także w Sieradzkiem.Słowa kluczowe: przemoc, agresja (między szlachtą), szlachta, szlachta drobna, Mazowsze (w XVII w.), województwo płockie (w XVII w.), krwawe porachunki.Summary: Territorially, the research conducted by the Author applies to the Voivodeship of Płock, during the years 1605-1611. It was based on primary source materials provided by the 3072 judicial accusations of various violent acts, chiefly injuries. The perpetrators and the victims belonged to 429 families inhabiting 368 villages. During a single year the nobility of the Płock region committed on average ca. 360 acts of aggression, 84% of which were directed against other members of the nobility. Many of the perpetrators of inflicted injuries, or even homicides, were accused of such deeds more than once. Out of all families found in the source materials, seventy seven proved to be particularly prone to aggression. Nearly all of them belonged to the lower social strata of the privileged class, the so called petty gentry. Nearly in all cases bloody feuds broke out between people belonging to the same parish, or to neighbouring parishes. Aggression between members of the same family was common: within the seventy seven families mentioned above family violence summed up to 45% of all such acts. In conclusion, one must notice that at the beginning of the 17th century aggressive acts in Masovia were chiefly limited to the petty gentry. Similar inquiries for other regions of the Polish Crown demonstrated that the situation varied little from the Płock region in those territories where larger communities of petty nobility were to be found, particularly in the Lublin, and Łęczyca regions, in Podlachia, as well as in the Sieradz territory.Keywords: violence, aggression (between nobility); nobility; petty gentry (nobility); Masovia (17th century); Płock Voivodeship (17th century); bloody feuds.

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Przemoc między szlachtą w Polsce w XVII w. – zjawisko masowe?

100%

Kamler M.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2014

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vol. 121

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issue 3

PL

Violence and the Gentry in Poland during the Seventeenth Century – a Mass-scale Phenomenon?The article intends to resolve the question whether mass-scale violence involving the gentry, previously established in the region of Sieradz, existed at the time also in other parts of the Crown. Pertinent research encompassed court records from Łęczyca, Wieluń, Ostrzeszów, Poznań, Brześć Kujawski, Cracow, and Lublin. The gathered material pertains to three chronological cross-sections: ca. 1610, 1650–1660, and ca. 1690. The data concern a total of 2 703 bodily injuries and murders; the identified perpetrators of 66% of the aggressive crimes were members of the gentry (and 75% of the separately listed murders), 34% – peasants and occasional burghers, while in 447 cases (17%) the felons remained unknown. The annual average number of cases of bodily injuries and murders (listed jointly) was the highest in material from Łęczyca, i.e. 367 cases, followed by Cracow – 138 and Lublin – 114 (table 1); in the earlier examined court records from Sieradz the average totalled 250. Among the assailants the gentry comprised the largest percentage in the counties of: Poznań, Łęczyca, Brześć Kujawski, Lublin, Wieluń and Cracow; in the region of Sieradz this percentage amounted to 56. The most frequent perpetrators of acts of violence were representatives of the petty gentry, as evidenced by, i.a. the cognomens encountered almost exclusively among the felons (more generally, among families distinguished for an exceptionally high level of aggression, in particular in the counties of Lublin and Łęczyca). Certain representatives of those families were accused of incurring bodily injury and murder several times a year. A conspicuous tendency towards a declining frequency of bodily injury appeared at the end of the seventeenth century (table 2), concurrent with observations concerning the region of Sieradz. Predominant causes of violence included conflicts between neighbours, particularly frequent among the petty gentry living in close proximity, and often assumed the form of years-long sequences of animosity and bloody aggression. Just as universal was domestic violence, often among closest relatives, caused by financial claims, especially those associated with attempts at regaining dowries from widows as well as the divisions of property among heirs. The amassed material proves that the image of violence in among seventeenth-century gentry, known already from the land of Sieradz, was fully confirmed in the majority of the examined terrains, especially with a population including a large group of the petty gentry.

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1 Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

1 Kwartalnik Historyczny

1 Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego Płockiego

3 Kamler M.

1 2018

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1 2012

Pogrzeb szlachetnego Kaspra Wyleżyńskiego w Wieluniu w 1651 roku

Agresja szlachty płockiej na początku XVII wieku / Violence amongst the Nobility of the Płock Region at the beginning of the 17 th century

Przemoc między szlachtą w Polsce w XVII w. – zjawisko masowe?