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1

THE PROBLEM OF FORMATION OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEM OF PREDISPOSITION IN YOUNGER SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN IN THE CONTEXT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILIES

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Voloshok O.

Roczniki Nauk o Rodzinie (Annals of Family Studies)

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2009

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vol. 56

199-211

EN

The study allowed a detailed analysis of psychological data on children's understanding of their situation in a dysfunctional family. The conclusions of the research allow to understand the disharmonic formation of predisposition of the system of value of children experiencing failure of their own family.

2

Cognitive and behavioral predictors in the process of smoking cessation during pregnancy: Testing for discontinuity patterns in the Transtheoretical Model

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Zycinska J.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2009

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vol. 40

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issue 1

29-37

EN

The aim of the study was to assess predictive power of cognitive variables and health-promoting behaviors for the process of smoking cessation described in terms of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM). Participants in the study were 150 women (mean age 26.93, SD = 4.56 years), in uncomplicated pregnancy. Cigarette smokers constituted 29.3% of the sample, while the rest had previously quitted smoking (in that number 42.1% during pregnancy). Beliefs and expectations were measured by means of scales developed by the authoress, while health-related behaviors were assessed using the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) by Z. Juczynski, supplemented with pregnancy-specific behaviors. TTM discontinuity patterns were tested in the study using polynomial-based orthogonal contrasts. Statistically significant linear trends were found for expectations concerning the infant's health state and the course of delivery, for beliefs about the effect of maternal smoking on infant health, as well as for pregnancy health behaviors. The obtained results were confirmed by hierarchical regression analysis, with smoking cessation explained to a larger extent by cognitive factors than by health-related behaviors. This may suggest that the TTM is a 'pseudo-stage' model, and a general change of the variables under study is of greater importance for the process of smoking cessation than focusing on the TTM stages.

3

THE ROKEACH VALUE SURVEY IN COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JAPANESE AND SLOVENIAN STUDENTS: TOWARDS THE UNDERLYING STRUCTURE

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Musil B., Rus V. S., Musek J.

Studia Psychologica

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2009

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vol. 51

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issue 1

53-68

EN

The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) has been thoroughly explored in the context of personality, behavior, social structure and both national and cross-cultural studies. However, different studies are not congruent in the interpretation of its inner structure. The current study examines the similarities and differences in value hierarchies and value structures between comparable groups of Japanese and Slovenian students using RVS. The results indicate a general similarity between the value systems and a similar underlying structure of values in all of the groups explored. Similarities with other value studies again prove convergences in research of value structures. Despite some conceptual difficulties and methodological dilemmas, RVS still shows relevance for value research, especially in the clear division of values into values as standards of behavior (instrumental values) and values as transcendental goals or ideals (terminal values). According to the results of the current study, standards are more culturally variable than goals or ideals.

4

Psychometric properties of Attentional Control Scale: The preliminary study on a Polish sample

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Fajkowska M., Derryberry D.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2010

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vol. 41

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issue 1

1-7

EN

The presented study was focused primarily on a psychometric analysis of the Attentional Control Scale (ACS), but they also enhanced the understanding of the role of effortful attentional skills in determining the individual well-being, general adaptation or emotional disorders. The analyses included basic item and scale descriptions as well as convergent and discriminant validity. 218 Polish undergraduate students completed the battery of the self-report techniques and two paper - pencil attentional tests. Data revealed a unidimensional of a 20-item ACS. It can be used validly to assess long-term individual differences in attentional skills related to the voluntary executive functions. The analysis of content, internal and construct validity as well as reliability provided evidence of the scale's significant convergent and discriminant validity when correlated with attentional tests and other personality techniques. We found strong, systematic relations between the attentional control and selected measures of temperament, arousal, emotionality, and motivation. The results allow assuming that good attentional control, may protect individuals from the emotional disorders by regulating perceptual, conceptual, and response processing.

5

The belief to have fixed or malleable traits and help giving: implicit theories and sequential social influence techniques

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Gamian-Wilk M., Lachowicz-Tabaczek K.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2009

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vol. 40

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issue 2

85-100

EN

Two sequential social influence techniques, the foot-in-the-door and the door-in-the-face, seem to be symmetrical, but there are different moderators and quite different mechanisms underlying each of the strategies. What links both techniques is the social interaction between a person presenting a sequence of requests and an interlocutor. The techniques' effectiveness depends on the course and perception of the interaction and the difficulty of requests in the sequence. The aim of the article was to verify various mechanisms of incremental (individuals who believe in malleable personality) and entity theorists (individuals who believe in fixed traits) compliance with the FITD and the DITF techniques. In a series of four studies it was shown that incremental theorists comply the FITD technique to a greater extend especially when a sequence of requests meets their mastery style of behavior thus means an interesting challenge to undertake or opportunity to deepen contact with a newly met person. Entity theorists are more prone to the DITF strategy as their helpless style of behavior and sense of guilt are triggered, thus a sequence of decreasing in magnitude demands is perceived as less threatening.

6

THE ROLE OF REGRET IN RATIONAL DECISION MAKING

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Jurasova K., Spajdel M.

Studia Psychologica

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2011

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vol. 53

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issue 2

169-174

EN

Rational decision making can be defined as a tendency to make a normative decision, while incorporating post-choice predicted emotions into the decision making process. The study investigates the role of anticipated and experienced regret in rational decision making as well as the role of 'passing time' in regret reduction. It was found that rational decision makers anticipate regret during the decision making process, but they are not good at correctly predicting regret intensity, in comparison with non-rational decision makers. According to the obtained results it can be stated that regret emerges from the single act of decision making and not from the type of inference which precedes the choice. 'Passing time' however decreases the intensity of regret.

7

QUALITY OF LIFE IN INCURABLE PATIENTS

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Dobrikova P.

Studia Psychologica

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2010

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vol. 52

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issue 2

155-163

EN

This contribution defines the term quality of life from various perspectives, with an effort to specify it complexly as a multi component term. The results of this paper present findings concerning quality of life in dying patients, obtained by using the McGill questionnaire, in relation to the level of extroversion and neuroticism (EPQ-R). The results have showed us that there is a negative correlation between emotional instability level and overall quality of life. Concentrating on extroversion, our hypothesis of a correlation between extroversion and the overall quality of life in dying patients measured by the McGill QOL questionnaire was not confirmed. This paper also defines and proves the importance of social support, which correlates positively with quality of life in dying patients. It reveals that there is a need for a complex approach towards seriously ill patients, including social aspects of the patient's life. Significant correlations were found by exploring the relation between degree of satisfaction with social support and quality of life. The more the patient was satisfied with the social support that he/she was getting from close people, the higher the life satisfaction he/she indicated.

8

THE DIAGNOSIS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (Diagnozowanie zaburzen ze spektrum autyzmu)

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Chojnicka I., Ploski R., Dragan W. L.

Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka

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2010

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vol. 21

77-92

EN

Autism spectrum disorders are developmental disorders which occur in 1 of 150 children. The higher frequency of diagnoses in relation to past decades is caused among others by evolution of the diagnostic process. In this work the authors describe the diagnostic process and instruments used during the assessment. Most of them are not used in Poland. Some, however, as the E-1 and E-2 forms, CARS and PEP-R were translated into Polish but none of them meets all the requirements of tests such as reliability, validity, objectivity, standardization and cultural adaptation.

9

LIFE SATISFACTION, BELIEFS AND RELATIONS TO ONESELF AND OTHERS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

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Babincak P., Bacova V.

Studia Psychologica

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2008

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vol. 50

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issue 1

79-94

EN

The IDEX (Identity Exploration) instrument was used in the study to verify that the statements 'satisfied with life', 'lives a good life' and 'useful for others' are for university students of humanities (N = 154, mean age 21.93, SD 1.45 years, age range 19-27 years; 26 men, 125 women, 3 unidentified) important key criteria for their experiencing of themselves and their social world. It was further found that the students satisfied with their life (N = 45) believe in their ability to uphold the important matters, live up to their own expectations, live a good life, be useful for others and care for their family and the close friends more than do students less satisfied with their life (N = 26). Students satisfied with their life perceived and assessed themselves, the person they admire, people close to them, and their communities significantly more positively than the less satisfied. Their relation to 'my community' and 'university students' was also more positive. No differences were found between satisfied and less satisfied students in their perception and evaluation of communities with the different values and the large groups of people. According to the results, life satisfaction in the university students is linked to active approach to life, positive evaluation of oneself, positive relations to people close to one, especially one's best friend, and acceptance of one's social position; a lesser satisfaction with life means the absence of such strong beliefs and less positive relations to oneself and others.

10

Editorial - On the Road to Adulthood

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Gurba E., Senejko A.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2008

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vol. 39

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issue 3

108-110

EN

Although the picture of adolescence G. Stanley Hall (1904) drew over a hundred years ago is no longer accepted, most contemporary researchers agree that the period between childhood and adulthood poses a serious challenge to the developing individual. The developmental achievements typical of this age, such as radical changes in appearance and behaviour, severe criticism of existing reality brought about by the recent acquisition of formal thinking, first intimate relations and sexual experiences and the various forms of social pressure connected with the new, age-related demands and expectations can often lead to emotional instability, disturbed parent-child relations and a propensity for risky behaviour (Arnett, 1997). These are the phenomena that accompany the struggle of a young person in the process of self-discovery and self-determination.

11

A neural model of mere exposure: The EXAC mechanism

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Drogosz M., Nowak A.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2006

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vol. 37

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issue 1

7-15

EN

Previous research has shown that 'the mere exposure effect' is strongest for subliminal presentations (meta-analysis: Bornstein, 1989). Further, in the range of subliminal presentations times, the relation between recognition and affect is paradoxical - participants cannot effectively recognize novel from familiar stimuli, yet they perceive the familiar stimuli as more pleasant. The mechanisms of this paradoxical phenomenon (named 'the primacy of affect'; Zajonc, 1984) remain unexplained. In this paper, we propose a simple neural network model ('EXAC': Exposure and Affect Counter) of the subliminal mere exposure effect. Analysis of the model's performance shows that the capability for fast novelty detection can be a natural property of very simple network structures. The novelty detection function generated by EXAC fits the affective function obtained from behavioral data. For weakly learned patterns (corresponding to short presentation times in behavioral research), the network model 'prefers' known stimuli before it can recognize them. AUTHORS' NOTE: The data in this paper and earlier description of the model was previously published in Polish in Drogosz M., & Nowak A., (1995) Symulacyjna teoria efektu ekspozycji: siec neuropodobna EXAC. Przeglad Psychologiczny, 38, 65–84.

12

IRRATIONALITY AND MANIFESTATIONS OF FEAR AND ANXIETY IN A SAMPLE OF SLOVAK ADOLESCENTS

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Kordacova J.

Studia Psychologica

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2003

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vol. 45

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issue 4

345-355

EN

The present study had for aim to assess how far the measure of irrational beliefs corresponds with selected types of fear and anxiety in a sample of secondary school students (N = 115). Two original Slovak scales were used: The Scale of Classical Fears and Stage Fright, Social situational fears (KSAT) and the Scale of Irrational Beliefs (IPA). The highest number of significant relations between irrationality and anxiety was noted with the factor of irrational idealization and anxiety. Idealization positively corresponded with the total KSAT scores as also with all the forms of fear. Perfectionism was related to the overall level of anxiety, and specifically to stage fright with which also corresponded irrationally-tinged negative expectations and the overall measure of irrationality. The latter was also related to experiencing of fear in social situations. The results vary in dependence on subjects' gender and are discussed also within the conceptual framework of the rational-emotive behavioral theory (REBT).

13

THE FUNCTIONING OF THE FAMILY SYSTEM AND STUDENTS' SELF-IMAGE (Funkcjonowanie systemu rodzinnego a obraz siebie u studentow - doroslych dzieci alkoholikow (DDA))

100%

Chuchra M., Spila B.

Roczniki Nauk o Rodzinie (Annals of Family Studies)

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2010

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vol. 10

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issue 2(57)

81-94

EN

This study seeks to answer the following questions: what are the traits of a family system that are combined with the self-image that alcoholics' children have, or whether sex is a differentiating variable. The main hypothesis assumes that there is a relationship between the functioning of a family and DDA students. 32 students (13 women and 17 men) have been examined, all of them participants of psychotherapy by means of D. Beckmann's and H.E. Richter's Giessen Test (GT) and Z. Gasia's Family Profile (Pol. PR). The findings have shown the following: the more adaptive is a family system, the more mutual understanding and sense of functionality there is and the greater is the sense of social resonant in students. The more cohesive is the family, the more emotional openness and stability there are in men. The greater is family adaptation, the greater are the sense of social resonant and social opportunities in men. The greater is the mutual understanding and sense of family functionality, the greater is the sense of social resonant in men. The greater is the disorganisation of the family, the lesser is the sense of social resonant and social opportunities in men. In the case of women no correlation between the functioning of the family and self-image was found.

14

OWN MATE VALUE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF A POTENTIAL MATE'S QUALITIES

100%

Tadinac M., Hromatko I.

Studia Psychologica

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2007

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vol. 49

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issue 3

251-264

EN

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that an individual's mate preferences are in accordance with his/her position on the characteristic especially relevant to the opposite sex (physical attractiveness in females and income in males), own mate value, and age. The questionnaire, requesting various biographical data and ratings of characteristics of a potential mate regarding their importance or desirability, was posted on the internet and completed by 2648 participants. Women with higher levels of self-perceived physical attractiveness gave higher ratings of importance of a potential partner's characteristics, while men with higher income rated potential mate's qualities as more important than men with lower income. Participants from high mate value group proved to be choosier, rating majority of characteristics as more important than low mate value group did. Adults of both sexes aged 25-39 rated several characteristics as more important compared to younger and older participants, suggesting that people raise their expectations from a potential mate while in their reproductive period.

15

QUALITY OF LIFE: A PARADIGMATIC CHALLENGE TO PSYCHOLOGISTS

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Kovac D.

Studia Psychologica

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2003

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vol. 45

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issue 2

81-101

EN

In implicit psychology, Western culture primarily equates quality of life with good health, a well-functioning family and then with the possession of material goods or mammon - money. According to the political élite in advanced countries, the quality of life is ensured mainly by economy - height of the GDP symbolized mainly by the cost of the shopping basket. But what about the sick, the handicapped and the aging? The non-quality of their life was first noticed by medical experts in the early 30s of the 20th century. They primarily underlined relief from pain - discomfort, independence from medicaments, medical aids, the milieu. More or less in parallel with them, the quality of life also came to be noted by psychologists. Their principal criteria for it came to be subjective experiencing of satisfaction, well-being and happiness. Gradually, the phenomenon of quality of life became a subject of scrutiny by sociologists, environmentalists, political scientists; their numerous criteria for the quality of life are selectively dealt with here. The present study understandably lays stress on the psychological concepts of the quality of life. The principal terms are delimitated in confrontation with the views of various authors, methodical procedures are dealt with as problematic issues and certain methods.The author gives an outline of his own model of the quality of life which, in comparison with existing concepts, and underlines especially the basal (universal) plane, from the individual-specific (civilizing) and meta (cultural-spiritual) level. Quality of life represents a mega-problem for the oncoming epoch of mankind, bringing along paradigmatic changes in psychology, both on the theoretical plane and in application: from psycho-correction, psychotherapy, to optimization and prevention. These are the aims of the new challenge to psychologists for developing positive psychology.

16

CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ROSENBERG SELF-ESTEEM SCALE IN A SAMPLE OF SLOVAK HIGH SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

100%

Halama P.

Studia Psychologica

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2008

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vol. 50

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issue 3

255-266

EN

The contribution presents the results of confirmatory factor analysis of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) among Slovak subjects. The sample consisted of 920 high school and university students (365 males, 555 females). Using LISREL software, eight different models of factor structure were estimated. The models were formulated on the basis of the previous results, and they included a one-factor model, a one-factor model with correlated uniquenesses of negatively worded items, an one-factor model with correlated uniquenesses of positively worded items, four two-factor models (positive and negative self-esteem, self-liking and self-competence, general and transient self-esteem, self-derogation and defense of self), and a three-factor model (social comparison, positive and negative self-esteem factors). The best fit indices were found for the model one-factor with correlated uniquenesses of negatively worded items representing unidimensional construct contaminated by effect associated with negatively worded items. Satisfactory fit indices were also found for the one-factor model with correlated uniquenesses of the positively worded items, for the two-factor solution with positive and negative self-esteem and for the three factor solution. Correlational analysis revealed that factors based on these models differ in their correlations with Big Five personality traits as measured by NEO-FFI. This suggests that Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale can be used alternatively as one, two or three dimensional measure.

17

EVALUATION OF ANXIETY AMONG MEDICAL AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS BY FACTOR ANALYSIS

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Ercan I., Irgil D., Ozen N., Kan I.

Studia Psychologica

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2008

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vol. 50

|

issue 3

267-275

EN

Anxiety is an inevitable part of life in contemporary society. Anxiety corrupts a person's ability to think, perceive and learn. A person suffering from anxiety usually experiences difficulties in concentrating, remembering the learned material and establishing what the necessary relations among events or people are. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the main anxiety items of the students of two faculties. Factor analysis was performed to form groups of unrelated items by gathering related items in the scale and to the rank factors affecting anxiety by their importance. In accordance with the data obtained from the studies on the anxiety of engineering and medical students, factor analyses gave the following results for state anxiety: in engineering students there were units accumulated in 5 factors, in medical students there were units accumulated in 4 factors, and for trait anxiety they were in 6 factors for both. Our studies show that even if the STAI results are similar, factor analyses should be carried out and the solutions should be sought in accordance with the results. During education in the universities, causes of (state - trait) anxiety should be investigated and curriculums should be changed in order to lessen anxiety, psychological and social support units should be established and students should be prepared for the future.

18

THE PAST, THE PRESENT, THE FUTURE. ARE ANIMALS ABLE TO TRAVEL IN TIME? (Przeszlosc, terazniejszosc, przyszlosc. Czy zwierzeta moga podrozowac w czasie?)

100%

Trojan M.

Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka

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2009

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vol. 19

33-54

EN

Humans possess the ability to recall past events. They can also imagine the course of future events. This phenomenon is known as mental time travel. The basis of travelling into subjective past lies in episodic memory. When we travel into subjective future we deal with planning, anticipation, as well as prospective memory. The basic scientific question that can be raised is as follows: are subjective time travels unique to Homo sapiens? Is the Bischof-Kohler hypothesis true? In this paper the author presents arguments and empirical data, which shed a different light on this issue.

19

Explicit and implicit values of Polish grandmothers and their granddaughters

100%

Mudyn K., Pietras K.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2009

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vol. 40

|

issue 2

62-68

EN

The authors tried to determine if and to what extent maternal granddaughters share the explicit and implicit values of their grandmothers. 80 grandmothers-granddaughter dyads were surveyed using Schwartz' SVS and Mudyn's RN-02, an instrument assigned to identify 'ontological orientations' (implicit evaluation). The results indicate that: 1) grandmothers differ significantly from granddaughters in all ontological orientations (except for Aesthetic), especially in Theoretical and Religious orientation, 2) they differ also in personal values, except for Universalism and Power, 3) regression analysis revealed two decisive factors which determine convergence of ontological orientations and values in grandmother-granddaughter dyads, i.e. and level of education and attitudes toward religion. It may mean that these are the two important transmitters of world view as well as personal values.

20

Emotional and cognitive empathy disturbances in right hemisphere - ischemic stroke - damaged patients. SPECT imaging pilot study

100%

Kliszcz J., Gasecki D., Bandurski T., Nyka W.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2004

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vol. 35

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issue 4

2250230

EN

The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and empathy in patients suffering from ischemic brain injury. Empathy is an essence of human relationships. It inspires people to meet experiences and needs of others. Its emotional and cognitive components subserve a broad range of adaptive social behaviors. 21 right hemispheric - ischemic stroke - patients were examined by the use of two psychological methods: Questionnaire Measure Emotional Empathy and Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been applied to determine the correlates of lesion location and some aspects of emotional and cognitive empathy.Hemispheric asymmetry indexes were also calculated and correlated with empathy scores. Significant negative correlation were found between cerebral blood flow in left basal ganglia and Fantasy Scale, left parietal lobe and Personal Distress, while significant positive correlation was seen between cerebral blood flow in right parietal lobe and Appreciation of the Feelings of Unfamiliar and Distant Others.

Refine search results

THE PROBLEM OF FORMATION OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEM OF PREDISPOSITION IN YOUNGER SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN IN THE CONTEXT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILIES

Cognitive and behavioral predictors in the process of smoking cessation during pregnancy: Testing for discontinuity patterns in the Transtheoretical Model

THE ROKEACH VALUE SURVEY IN COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JAPANESE AND SLOVENIAN STUDENTS: TOWARDS THE UNDERLYING STRUCTURE

Psychometric properties of Attentional Control Scale: The preliminary study on a Polish sample

The belief to have fixed or malleable traits and help giving: implicit theories and sequential social influence techniques

THE ROLE OF REGRET IN RATIONAL DECISION MAKING

QUALITY OF LIFE IN INCURABLE PATIENTS

THE DIAGNOSIS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (Diagnozowanie zaburzen ze spektrum autyzmu)

LIFE SATISFACTION, BELIEFS AND RELATIONS TO ONESELF AND OTHERS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Editorial - On the Road to Adulthood

A neural model of mere exposure: The EXAC mechanism

IRRATIONALITY AND MANIFESTATIONS OF FEAR AND ANXIETY IN A SAMPLE OF SLOVAK ADOLESCENTS

THE FUNCTIONING OF THE FAMILY SYSTEM AND STUDENTS' SELF-IMAGE (Funkcjonowanie systemu rodzinnego a obraz siebie u studentow - doroslych dzieci alkoholikow (DDA))

OWN MATE VALUE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF A POTENTIAL MATE'S QUALITIES