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Uwagi o elementach "obcych" w uzbrojeniu w okresie rzymskim na ziemiach Polski

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Horbacz T. J.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1983
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vol. 3
EN
As "foreign" elements the author regards weapons produced in the Roman or provincial Roman workshops as well as the closer or more distant immitations in form, construction details, stylistic features and so forth, reflecting a partial assimilation of foreign ideas on the local cultural background. In the light of former archaeological literature only comparatively few elements in the Roman period armament on the territory of Poland were regarded as “foreign" ones. This opinion has been partially revised in result of studies on the double-edged side-arms. The studies enabled one to distinguish the swords which were either evidently imported .(for instance the damascene pieces bearing the inscriptions and figural incrustations) or were believed to be imported (swords of gladius type fuller swords and :so on). Denoting an unequal value of classifying criteria, the author takes up an estimation of their usefulness for such purposes. This brings him to distinguish two groups of criteria: 1. directly and 2. indirectly useful ones. The paper concerns also the finds of fragments of the scabbard fittings in forms regarded in literature as the "Roman" (strap loops globular and crescent chapes, suspension rings and for strap). The “foreign** Influences upon the defensive armament may reveal in the finds of basses bronze shield scattered on the territory of Poland, Using the mail (lorica hamata) in the Roman period on the area in question appears a combined problem (finds from Witaszewice, province of Płock). Traces of the discoveries of other "foreign" elements of armament (for example the helmets, spear-heads, shields, dagger) met in archaeological literature «re verified by the author. Most of the “foreign" elements in Barbarian armament appears at the turn of the early and iate Roman period. In the 2nd half of 2nd century. A.D. certain areas of Barbaricum entered the zone of special imperial interest,and in result of that begun so much as the Marcoman Wars. It is evident also in other categories of archaeological sources. There is no need to overvalue the significance of those impulsions, at least when the Polish territory is concerned. In armament they are visible only on the swords and different kinds of fittings related to swords. The "Roman“ influences upon other categoriee of armament ибе to be either almost invisible or unrecorded. New qualities were accepted by selection and concerned only those elements the Barbarian warrior was familiar with. That was closely related to the Barbarian tactics and the way of maintaining a war. The adaptation of "foreign" idea which was partly or entirely unussful in the local circumstances would be nothing but aimless. In Barbaricum this process reflects its strictly local varieties, and in that context the territory of Poland takes quite peripherial shape. In the author's opinion in most cases the armament of "foreign" 'features hgalnst the ^arbarian background was probably some immitation of the "Homan" pieces (forms, sort of raw-material-for instance the shield bo3ses-and so forth) including often the native features. So, the imports are unnumerous. Present state of investigations of the Roman period armament on the territory of Poland leaves much to be desired. An urgent need to carry cut some broadly outlined comparative metailographic analysis is likely to emerge. The application of the sole formal criterion-typical for the former research comes short and is no more sufficient at present.
2
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W sprawie tzw. miecza jednosiecznego

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Horbacz T. J., Katedra Archeologii U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1982
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vol. 2
EN
The author points at the necessity of revision of the term "single-edged sword" as used in the Polish archeological terminology. The term "single-edged sword" used to describe pieces of single-edged side-arms, becoming more and more popular in the middle La-Tené period in Pomerania and nearby areas were gradually accepted by the population of the Przeworsk culture, among which they survived till the early Roman period. Stating the existence of an essential mistake in the term, being a result of literary translation of a German term (ein schneidiges Schwert), the author proposes that it should be replaced with one of the names used for elements of arms and accepted in the Polish literature dealing with arms (sax, chopper, dagger, cutlass). Analysis of features of specimens called these names shows that the term "cutlass" would be most appropriate. This kind of single-edged weapon is characterized with features typical for the so-called single-edged swords. Cutlassess have asymmetric, slanting hilt. Linings made from organic materials are perpendic ularly fastened to the tang with rivets, the so-called rivetting perpendicular to the edge (unlike the so-called rivetting on the tang met e.g. on choppers ans saxes). The pommel in specimens of this type is usually straight. Replacing the term "single-edged sword" with the term" cutlass" - apart from cognitive merits - would approach the terminology used by archeologists to general concept sapplied in literature dealing with arms, which are more precise and explicit. This will also allow to abandon the term "two-edged sword" which also is an exact translation of a German term (zweischneidiges Schwert) by skipping the adjective part of the term. A sword is a type of two-edged side-arms and this fact need not be stressed additionally. The author stresses also the need for analysis of the genesis of the so-called single-edged sword. It is accepted in the literature that prototypes for specimens from the Middle La-Tené period were forms of single-edged side-arms belonging to the Pomeranian culture. The problem seems, however, to be more difficult. Single-edged side-arms, in separably accompanying the sword in prehistory, represent a parallel developmental continuation. Relationships between their particular types are clearly much less obvious than in the case of two-edged weapons. The prototype was undoubtedly a knife while development of its combat forms might have been taking place quite independently. This continues to be an open problem calling for further analysis.
3
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Jeszcze o siedzibie rycersko-szlacheckiej w Polsce

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Horbacz T. J., Lechowicz Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. A., Łódzki U.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1984
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vol. 5
EN
Problems of formal and ideological ties between towers, the so-called, conical strongholds and tower manors are quite often discussed recently (L. Kajzer, T. Jakimowicz). A statement that conical strongholds are knightly residences situated in the centre of knight's estate as formulated by J. Kamińska and advocated for many years now does not seem to be the only accurate statement. Examples of settlements at Dmosin (Rawa district), Goszczewice (Radom district), and Burzenin (Sieradz district:) allow the authors to show the knightly estates in which a private town or market hamlet with a parish church as a knight's endowment represent an administrative centre. This observation makes one of prerequisites, which allowed to state that the so-called conical strongholds were erected in places of strategic importance. They were not erected on a knight's initiative but rather represented a strategic concept of the ruler. For these reasons the relationship between the tower in a conical stronghold and a tower manor should be perceived only in categories of symboliс representation. Past development of tower manors dates back to the beginnings of the state monarchy in which the nobility came to hold a privileged position. Manifestation of "knightly origins" of middle-rank noblemen's families was traced on the example of a manor-house at Zukow (Radon district). To the search for attributes of "knightly origins" - being a basic element in the propaganda concept of the nobility - the authors attribute acceptance of the tower-house “model" in Poland in 16th century.
4
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Inkrustowane miecze rzymskie z Barbaricum i obszarów przylimesowych Imperium Romanum. Wybrane zagadnienia

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Horbacz T. J., Olędzki M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1992
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vol. 17
EN
Authors discuss the group of swords of Roman origin the blade of which were inlaid with bronze, copper or brass with symbols understood exclusively in the context or religious and cultural changes of Imperium Romanum. The majority of these findings come from Barbaricum (Fig. 1). The set of motifs inlaid on blade is relatively poor and is limited to three groups of symbols (Fig. 6-8). The first one includes figural representations of Roman Gods connected with fighting, victory, purification and reversal of Evil (Mars, Victoria, Minerva). In the second group there are signa militaria in literal meaning (the eagle - the sign of the legion which is accompanied by emblems of smaller organizational units of the legion), the third group consists of images being the symbols of triumph (ornamenta/insignia/triumphalia): laurel wreath and palm of victory. The palmette of Piaski (Fig. 6, 6 b) being the stylized motif of the palm of victory and in such a shape as it is met on shields of Roman legionaries was included among the third group. The stylistics of inlaid works indicates on two lines of plastic solution of the symbol: realistic and schematic convention. In case of figural representation (Mars, Victoria) we face here "static" and "dynamic" canon of the presentation of the figure. The "static" canon is clearly related to realistic convention while the "dynamic" canon to the schematic one.
5
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Dwa znaleziska przedmiotów brązowych z III okresu epoki brązu z terenu Polski Środkowej

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Nadolska-Horbacz K., Horbacz T. J., Katedra Archeologii U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1982
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vol. 2
EN
The authors describe two finds of bronze products from Central Poland (the former Łęczyca district): (votive?) treasure consisting of two brassards with spiral disks discovered at Zimne (Province of Konin), and a dagger from Błonie (Province of Płock); which have been passed to the Museum at Łęczyca. Lack of information about circumstances in which they were discovered hampers among others chronological and cultural analysis of the products. In the light of other finds of this type the brassards from Zimne may be dated back to the first half of the 3rd period of the bronze age and may be linked to the Constantine line. The dagger from Błonie, with a form shaped - in the authors’ opinion - as a result of evolution of similar side-arms met in the 2nd period of the bronze age, represents rather a younger segment of the 3rd period, bronze age which allows to link it to the Central-Poland group of Lusatian culture.
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