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Ślicznotka Hauptsturmführera Mengelego. O krytycznej powieści Zyty Rudzkiej

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Morawiec A.
ER(R)GO: Teoria – Literatura – Kultura
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2007
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issue 14
EN
The article reviews representations of the old age in Zyta Rudzka’s novel Ślicznotka doktora Josefa in the context of trauma of Holocaust.
PL
A brief description of the contents in English
2
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JEDNOSTKA 731 W LITERATURZE POLSKIEJ

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Morawiec A.
Prace Polonistyczne
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2020
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vol. 75
145-189
PL
The article examines Unit 731, a secret research unit of the Imperial Japanese Army which implemented the programme of the development and production of chemical and biological weapons that was initiated in the 1930s by general Shirō Ishii, as a motif in Polish literature. Unit 731 and the crimes they committed were first openly discussed at the turn of the 1990s, initially in China, South Korea, and Japan, and then in Western countries. This has found some reflection in popular culture, in few literary works, films, songs, RPGs, and comic books (e.g. Ken Liu’s short story The Man who Ended History, Tun Fei Mou’s film Hei tai yang 731, Bruce Dickinson’s song Breeding House, and Paul-Yanic Laquerre, Pastor, and Yang Song’s comic Maruta 454). Surprisingly, Polish literature abounds in early, even pioneering, texts that use the motif of Unit 731. This can be explained by two main reasons. First of all, the publication of Proces japońskich przestępcow wojennych. Materiały rozprawy sądowej w Chabarowsku przeciwko byłym wojskowym japońskiej armii oskarżonym o przygotowanie i użycie broni bakteriologicznej (Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons) in 1951 (a year after the publication of the Russian original). Secondly, the Korean War (1950–1953) or, to be more precise, the communist propaganda that accused the Americans of using the biological weapons co-created by the Japanese war criminals who in 1945 were granted immunity by the American government. Written in the 1950s, the majority of Polish texts that use the motif of Unit 731 are examples of politically-engaged literature of little artistic merit (e.g. Marian L. Bielicki’s Bakteria 0,78, Wanda Melcer’s Statek 1092). Of all of these works, the one that seems most artistically and intellectually sophisticated is Igor Newerly’s Leśne Morze (1960) which critically approaches all ideologies. What may be considered as a Polish literary phenomenon in its own right is the 2011 novel that rescues Unit 731 from many years of oblivion – Marcin Welnicki’s sensational Testament Damoklesa, which shows more affinity to the recent developments in the world’s literature of the last decades than to the earlier Polish literary works. It presents the crimes committed by the Japanese scientists more for a thrilling effect than as a form of political propaganda. Apart from that, similarly to the majority of foreign works, it does not offer any in-depth reflection on history, collective memory, or ethics.
3
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The Holocausts

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Morawiec A.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2017
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issue 12
225-239
PL
The article examines genocide as a category that has been used and abused in various, especially historical, political, and ideological, discourses. It considers whether the extermination of Jews (the Holocaust) should be studied in the context of other mass crimes. I investigate various sources of twentieth-century organized violence and their literary representations. I also discuss the works of Polish literature (by Nałkowska, Gębarski, Woroszylski, and Margolis), which depict twentieth- -century acts of genocide (the extermination of Jews and Armenians, in particular) in the context of other mass crimes.
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Echa zagłady Ormian w literaturze polskiej

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Morawiec A.
Slavia Occidentalis
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2015
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issue 72/2
7-30
PL
The article contains a catalogue of plots and motifs related to the genocide of the Armenians (committed by the Turks in the years 1915-1923) in Polish literature. The earliest work referring to this crime is Stefan Żeromski’s novel Przedwiośnie (1924), the latest one is Julia Hartwig’s poem Słodka Armenia w trzech przestrzeniach (2007). In Polish literature, the extermination of the Armenians is presented most often in the context of other tragic historical events, including wars and revolutions (Zofia Nałkowska’s Choucas), theextermination of the Jews during World War II (Bohdan Gębarski’s List do starego tureckiego znajomego, Włodzimierz Paźniewski’s Neurosa teutonica) and other acts of genocide (Wiktor Woroszylski’s Zagłada gatunków, Alina Margolis’s Moralność czasu Holokaustu). In communist Poland this tragedy was invoked mainly to enhance the “splendour” of contemporary Soviet Armenia (Igor Sikirycki’s poem Powitanie Armenii, the factual works: Andrzej Mandalian’s Notatki armeńskie, Ryszard Kapuścinski’s Wanik czyli druga Armenia, Monika Warneńska’s Ścieżką na Ararat). Among these works, a special one is Bohdan Gębarski’s Morituri. Opowieść o 1915 r., which is first and foremost a literary (fictionalized) attempt to boost awareness of theArmenian Genocide.
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Baku. Uwagi na marginesie Przedwiośnia (i jego recepcji)

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Morawiec A.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
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2016
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issue 27
37-66
EN
The article concerns Stefan Żeromski’s Przedwiośnie, one of the most important Polish novels of the twentieth century. So far the work was considered, especially its first part (Szklane domy), whose plot is set in Baku, mainly in the context of the Bolshevik Revolution. It was ignored, however, that the historical background of the novel (its plot) are also other, linked with that revolution (and partly caused by the Bolsheviks), dramatic historical events: ethnic feuds between Armenians and Azeris (“Tartars”) and the Turkish intervention, which is one of the stages of the Armenian Genocide. The fate of Cezary Baryka, the main character of Przedwiośnie, is usually seen in terms of transformation, education, ideological development. It is worth noting that the Baku massacres are for Cezary not only a lesson or a warning, but they are also the source of his demoralization; it can be concluded that the hero is “infected with death”.
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„Dezynfekcja”. Literatura polska wobec eksterminacji osób psychicznie chorych

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Morawiec A.
Przestrzenie Teorii
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2017
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issue 27
261-296
EN
The article concerns the theme of extermination of the mentally ill and handicapped in Polish literature. It outlines the basic facts regarding this crime perpetrated by the Nazis and indicates how Polish literature reacted to it. There are few works which deal with this crime. Writers (and historians) probably considered the extermination of the mentally ill to be a fact of insignificance compared to other Nazi crimes, or knew little about it. Thus Polish literature treats it incidentally, by entering it in another, more extensive or “more important” issue (the extermination of the Jews, the extermination of the Polish population), or treats it as an occasion to take up “more fundamental” (ideological) problems. The article analyzes famous works, Stanisław Lem’s novel Hospital of the Transfiguration and Andrzej Bursa’s poem The liquidation of the mentally ill in Kobierzyn by the Germans, and less known texts: Piotr Matywiecki’s poem *** [Dragged into the sun….] and Anna Dziewit-Meller’s novel Mount Taygetus.
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Ewa Lipska jako pisarka polityczna

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Morawiec A.
Przestrzenie Teorii
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2011
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issue 15
35-54
EN
The article deals with the image of Ewa Lipska as a political writer, a committed person, and also discusses her attitude to Poland. In the studies conducted so far this aspect of her work was merely indicated, and also was sometimes a subject of manipulation. From the point of view of today it can be clearly seen that, along with the “private” motif, it crucially co-creates Lipska’s oeuvre. It is also important that the writer has expressed her social and political commitment not only in poetry (which she has published from 1961) and poetic drama (Nie o śmierć tutaj chodzi, lecz o biały kordonek [Death is Not at Stake, But the White Cord] of 1981), but also, and even most of all, in her prose (which so far has been neglected by researchers), especially Żywa śmierć [Living Death] (2009), Sefer (2009) and the columns published since 2004 in the “Kraków” monthly.
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Literatura rosyjska wobec zagłady sowieckich jeńców wojennych

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Morawiec A.
Narracje o Zagładzie
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2020
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issue 6
80-114
EN
The article concerns the motif and theme of Soviet prisoners of war in Russian literature. It presents the most important historical facts, which are the sources of literary approaches, concerning the complicated fate of Soviet POWs during the German-Soviet war (1941‒1945) and after its end. It also shows the political and ideological determinants of the literary image of a prisoner (as a traitor and coward, a resistance fighter in camps and a partisan, victim). The subjects of the analysis are both fictive works and memoirs, among others Mikhail Sholokhov’s The Fate of a Man (Судьба человека), Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s One day in the life of Ivan Denisovich (Один день Ивана Денисовича), Vasily Grossman’s Life and fate (Жизнь и судьба), Andrey Pogozhev’s Escape from Auschwitz (Смерть стояла у нас за спиной).
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Polish Literature and the Extermination of the Soviet Prisoners of War

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Morawiec A.
Narracje o Zagładzie
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2020
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issue 6
115-139
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest motyw i temat sowieckich jeńców wojennych w literaturze polskiej. Zaprezentowano w nim fakty historyczne, będące źródłem ujęć literackich, dotycząceskomplikowanego losu sowieckich jeńców podczas wojny niemiecko-sowieckiej (1941–1945) i po jej zakończeniu. Ukazano także polityczne i ideologiczne determinanty literackiego wizerunku jeńca. Przedmiotem analiz są zarówno utwory fikcjonalne, jak i wspomnieniowe, między innymi Chłopiec z Salskich Stepów Igora Newerlego, Zagrycha Seweryny Szmaglewskiej, Anus mundi Wiesława Kielara. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono wierszowi Obóz głodowy pod Jasłem Wisławy Szymborskiej.
EN
The article addresses the motif (and theme) of the Soviet prisoners of war in Polish literature. It presents historical facts which have inspired literary representations ofevents concerning the complex fates of the Soviet POWs both during the German-Soviet war (1941–1945) and after it came to its end. It also offers a discussion on the political and ideological determinants of the literary portrayal of the prisoner of war. Texts subjected to analyses include both works of fiction and memoirs, such as, among others, Igor Newerly’s Chłopiec z Salskich Stepów (The boy from the Steppes of the Sal), Seweryna Szmaglewska’s “Zagrycha” (The snack), or Wiesław Kielar’s Anus Mundi. 1,500 Days in Auschwitz/Birkenau. Particular attention is given to Wisława Szymborska’s poem “The Hunger Camp at Jasło” (“Obóz głodowy pod Jasłem”).
10
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Coś z niczego? Profesor Spanner (raz jeszcze)

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Morawiec A.
Narracje o Zagładzie
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2016
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issue 2
PL
Something out of Nothing? Professor Spanner (Once Again) The article discusses the genesis and reception of Zofia Nałkowska’s short story Professor Spanner, the “black legend” of professor Rudolf Spanner and the motif (topos) of the Nazi criminal. Key words: Medallions, soap, fat, document, realism, invention
11
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Janka Hescheles’ 'Locomotive' (to Bełżec)

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Morawiec A.
|
2016
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vol. 36
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issue 6
161-178
EN
This article concerns the influence of the most famous Polish poem for children: Lokomotywa by Julian Tuwim, particularly in three “Holocaust” paraphrases of this work, written by children in the ghetto and the concentration camps – the poems Lokomotywa by Jerzy Ogórek, Pociągu świst by Jerzy Orłowski, and especially Bełżec by Janka Hescheles.
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Shoah in Marian Pankowski’s Literary Art

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Morawiec A.
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2016
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vol. 38
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issue 8
53-64
EN
The article centers on the theme of the Holocaust in the literary works of Marian Pankowski: its sources, relations with the concentration camp theme, particular works and their poetics, as well as the aesthetic, social and political problems related to the theme of the Holocaust.
13
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Literatura obozowa. Wstęp

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Morawiec A.
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2017
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vol. 42
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issue 4
5-22
EN
The article contains terminological considerations concerning the term ‘camp literature’. In Polish literary studies it is most often referred to literature dealing with German Nazi camps, in particular concentration camps and death camps, and, less frequently, Soviet camps, especially forced labor camps. However, this definition turns out to be too narrow. It should also include the lesser-known works of Polish literature concerning, among others, the Polish internment camp (concentration camp) in Bereza Kartuska, communist labor camps set up in postwar Poland and the Spanish (Francoist) concentration camp in Miranda de Ebro. The term ‘camp literature’ could also include works on internment camps, prisoner camps, and even ghettos. The camp literaturę (not only Polish writings) requires, what is very important, a comparative approach.
14
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Jaworzno. Niewidoczność

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Morawiec A.
|
2017
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vol. 42
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issue 4
157-175
EN
The article concerns the literary representations of the Polish communist labor camp in Jaworzno (1945–1956), especially Seweryna Szmaglewska’s short story Amnestia zastukała do bram (1956, Amnesty knocked at the gates), Kazimierz Koźniewski’s novel Bunt w więzieniu (1968, Rebellion in the prisonhouse), and Sławomir Mrożek’s short story Jaworzno (1985). The object of the paper is also the problem of ideological involvement of Polish literature and writers (especially during the Stalinist period), the reasons for “overlooking” by them (and by Polish society) the obvious manifestations of communist terror. His alleged “invisibility” was analogous to the “invisibility” of crimes committed by the Nazis, allegedly unnoticed by the Third Reich citizens. Among Polish writers this analogy between Nazism and communism was exposed by Mrożek, the similarities between both totalitarianisms were perceived also by Szmaglewska and Czesław Miłosz.
15
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Polish literature and the Konzentrationslager. The beginning

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Morawiec A.
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2017
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vol. 44
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issue 6
23-48
EN
In the article the author discusses the beginnings of Polish camp literature, more precisely: literature referring to the Nazi German concentration camps. For decades it was assumed that the earliest Polish texts of that type were published in 1945. It appears that the first works – reports and memoirs – were published before the outbreak of WWII. In this article, the author discusses them in the historical and historical-literary contexts (mainly in the context of German writings).
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Jaworzno. Invisibility

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Morawiec A.
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2017
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vol. 46
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issue 8
127-144
EN
The article discussed the literary representations of the communist labour camp in Jaworzno (1945–1956), particularly the short story by Seweryna Szmaglewska entitled Amnestia zastukała dobram (1956), a novel by Kazimierz Koźniewski entitled Bunt w więzieniu (1968), and a short story by Sławomir Mrożek entitled Jaworzno (1985). The discussion also applied to the problem of ideological entanglement of Polish literature and Polish writers (particularly during the Stalinist period), and the reasons for their (and the society’s) “overlooking” the obvious manifestations of communist terror. Its alleged “invisibility” was analogous to the “invisibility” of the crimes committed by the Nazis, allegedly not noticed by the citizens of the Third Reich. Among Polish writers, that analogy between Nazism and communism was indicated by Mrożek, while the similarities of both totalitarian systems were identified also by Szmaglewska and Czesław Miłosz.
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Camp literature. Introduction

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Morawiec A.
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2017
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vol. 46
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issue 8
5-21
EN
This article includes a terminological discussion regarding the notion of camp literature. Within Polish literary science, it is usually applied to literature raising the topic of German Nazi camps, particularly concentration camps and death camps, and, though less often, to Soviet camps, particularly forced labour camps. Yet the definition has proved to be excessively narrow. It should also cover, previously less studied, works of Polish literature regarding, i.a. the Polish concentration camp in Bereza Kartuska, the communist labour camps established in post-WWII Poland, and the Spanish concentration camp in Miranda de Ebro. The notion camp literature could also be applied to works devoted to internment camps, POW camps, or even ghettoes.
18
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Brr, Bereza. Polish literature towards the Confinement Centre in Bereza Kartuska. 1934–1939

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Morawiec A.
|
2019
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vol. 55
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issue 4
231-271
PL
Artykuł dotyczy obecności w szeroko rozumianej literaturze polskiej tematu i motywu Miejsca Odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej. Zaprezentowano w nim najważniejsze fakty odnoszące się do tej instytucji oraz kontrowersje związane z jej nazwą (uznawaną za eufemizm) oraz podobieństwem „miejsca odosobnienia” do innych miejsc represji, takich jak rosyjska katorga, komunistyczny Sołowiecki Obóz Specjalnego Przeznaczenia czy nazistowski obóz koncentracyjnych Dachau. Zrelacjonowano spory, jakie toczyły się wokół Miejsca Odosobnienia w okresie jego funkcjonowania (1934–1939), w których uczestniczyli także pisarze. Zamieszczono informacje o osadzonych w Berezie literatach (Stanisław Mackiewicz, Leon Pasternak, Andrzej Wolica i in.) oraz tworzonej tam poezji (także obcej). Przedmiotem uwagi są także utwory literackie powstałe poza Miejsca Odosobnienia w okresie jego funkcjonowania.
EN
The article concerns the presence of the theme and motif of the Place of Isolation at Bereza Kartuska in broadly understood Polish literature. It presents the most important facts pertaining to this institution and the controversy related to its name (considered a euphemism) and the similarity of the “place of isolation” to other places of repression, such as the Russian Katorga, the communist Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp, or the Nazi Dachau concentration camp. The disputes that took place around the Place of Isolation during its functioning (1934–1939) are discussed, in which the writers also participated. Information on writers imprisoned at Bereza (Stanisław Mackiewicz, Leon Pasternak, Andrzej Wolica et al.) and poetry (also non-Polish) created there are also included. The subject of consideration are also literary works created outside the Place of Isolation during its functioning.
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After Bereza. Polish literature towards the Confinement Centre in Bereza Kartuska. 1939–2018

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Morawiec A.
|
2019
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vol. 55
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issue 4
273-309
PL
Artykuł dotyczy obecności w szeroko rozumianej literaturze polskiej tematu i motywu Miejsca Odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej. Omówiono w nim kształtowanie wizerunku tego obozu koncentracyjnego od chwili zaprzestania jego działalności (w 1939 roku), dyktowane w zasadniczej mierze przez ideologię oraz politykę, w tym politykę pamięci. Wśród analizowanych utworów są zarówno wspomnienia, głównie komunistów (m.in. Michała Mirskiego i Jana Wójcika), jak i utwory fikcjonalne, w tym opowiadanie Jestem Leona Pasternaka, dramat Bereziacy Karola Obidniaka i Romana Sykały oraz powieści: Wzbierająca fala Czesława K. Domagały, Król Szczepana Twardocha i Szakale Roberta Żółtka.
EN
The article concerns the inclusion in the broadly understood Polish literature of the theme and motif of the Confinement Centre in Bereza Kartuska (1934–1939). I discussed in it the formation of the image of the concentration camp since it ceased its operation (in 1939), mainly defined by ideology and politics, including the politics of memory. I particularly focussed on works of literature regarding the Confinement Centre created after the Centre ceased its operations. Those include both recollections, mainly by communists (e.g. by Michał Mirski and Jan Wójcik), and works of fiction, including the short story Jestem by Leon Pasternak, the play Bereziacy by Karol Obidniak and Roman Sykała, and novels: Wzbierająca fala by Czesław K. Domagała, Król by Szczepan Twardoch, and Szakale by Robert Żółtek.
20
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„Pamiętnik z Sołówek” Mieczysława Lenardowicza

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Morawiec A.
|
2022
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vol. 64
|
issue 1
229-253
EN
The article concerns the “memoirs from Sołówki” by Mieczysław Lenardowicz, published twice in 1930. Its shorter version, entitled Pamiętnik z Sołówek [Memoirs from Solovki], was published by the Towarzystwo Wydawnicze „Rój” [Publishing Society “Rój”], and an extended version, Na wyspach tortur i śmierci. Pamiętnik z Sołówek [On the islands of torture and death: memoirs from Solovki], was published by the Wojskowy Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy [Military Research and Publishing Institute]. Lenardowicz’s “memoirs” is probably the first work of Polish literature of Soviet concentration camps, or more broadly, concentration camp literature. Reflections on the work: its genesis, versions, form, content, and pragmatics, are preceded by an attempt to establish the identity of the author, about whom practically nothing is known.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy „pamiętnika z Sołówek” Mieczysława Lenardowicza, opublikowanego dwukrotnie w 1930 roku. Wersja krótsza utworu, zatytułowana Pamiętnik z Sołówek, ukazała się nakładem Towarzystwa Wydawniczego „Rój”, zaś wersja obszerniejsza, Na wyspach tortur i śmierci. Pamiętnik z Sołówek, została wydana przez Wojskowy Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy. Utwór Lenardowicza jest prawdopodobnie pierwszym polskim dziełem literatury łagrowej, i szerzej, literatury obozowej. Uwagi dotyczące utworu: jego genezy, wersji, formy, zawartości i pragmatyki, poprzedza próba ustalenia tożsamości autora, o którym praktycznie niczego nie wiadomo.
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