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EN
The article presents Polish criminology and penal sciences during the first decade after World War II. Communist ideology had a significant impact on science, especially the social and legal sciences. Some representatives of criminal law, acting in accordance with the dominant ideology of the time, considered criminology to be a superfluous science. Based on materials sourced from the New Files Archive, previously unknown facts were revealed from the period of the ‘Sovietisation of the penal law science’, which started with the initiation of the activities of the Scientific and Consultation Committee at the Ministry of Justice. In the author’s opinion, despite the dogmatism and schematic thinking that was dominant in the approach to criminological problems, some Polish criminologists effectively defended themselves against the government’s negative approach towards criminology. As much as possible, they studied important criminological problems and conducted research in selected areas related to the criminal activity of both adults and minors. Thanks to this attitude, in the most difficult period for Polish criminology, a solid foundation was created both for the continuation of earlier research and for taking on new research challenges after October 1956, when the so-called renewal of political life started.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje stan polskiej kryminologii i nauk penalnych w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Ideologia komunistyczna wywierała wówczas znaczący wpływ na naukę, w szczególności zaś na nauki społeczne i prawne. Niektórzy przedstawiciele prawa karnego, kierując się obowiązującą wówczas ideologią, uważali kryminologię za naukę zbędną. Na podstawie materiałów źródłowych z Archiwum Akt Nowych ukazane zostały nieznane dotąd fakty z okresu tzw. sowietyzacji nauki prawa karnego, rozpoczętego działalnością Komisji Naukowo-Konsultacyjnej przy Ministerstwie Sprawiedliwości. Pomimo dominujących w omawianym okresie dogmatyzmu i schematyzmu w ujmowaniu zagadnień kryminologicznych niektórzy polscy kryminolodzy skutecznie bronili się przed antykryminologicznym nastawieniem ówczesnych władz. Na miarę możliwości podejmowali też ważne problemy kryminologiczne, prowadząc w wybranych obszarach badania zarówno w odniesieniu do przestępczości dorosłych, jak i nieletnich. Dzięki takiej postawie w tym najtrudniejszym dla polskiej kryminologii okresie stworzony został solidny fundament zarówno do kontynuacji wcześniejszych badań, jak i podejmowania nowych wyzwań badawczych po październiku 1956 r., który dał początek tzw. odnowie w życiu politycznym.
EN
An analysis of the research questionnaires shows that most respondents (64%) think corruption is a significant problem of the Prison Service. Twenty-eight respondents (14%) quoted having received a corruption offer from a convict. If we consider the fact that one out of 7 respondents received a corruption offer and every second respondent thinks corruption is a significant issue, such an assessment does not reflect the experience of most people who deemed corruption a significant issue, but rather their feelings of threat or concern. Certainly, such feelings might be influenced by the multitude of such information in the media. In the newspapers, and inthe Penitentiary Forum which reaches every Prison Service member in particular, there are detailed accounts of specific cases of corrupt practices that were uncovered. As concerns corruption offers, we have to underline that they were twice more frequently addressed to warders than to counsellors. As stated in the survey, 19 warders and 9 counsellors admitted having received such offers. The fact that corruption offers were more often addressed at warders than counsellors might be explained to some extent by the fact that prisoners have more contact with the warders than the counsellors (prison yard, baths).
EN
The article is divided into four parts, presenting a restitutive function, from a historical perspective, of compensation in the view of the Criminal Code of 1997, as well as in the view of the Act of 7 July 2005 on State compensation granted to victims of certain prohibited acts. The authors also attempt to summarize and evaluate the amendment. The article is dedicated to the Esteemed Professor Tomasz Kaczmarek, celebrating His jubilee, an Educator of generations of lawyers, an Outstanding representative of the science, whose wide activity and plenteous achievements in various fields indicate great versatility of His interests.
EN
The right to abortion is a human right and as such occupies an important role in public discourse. In the study, its authors point to the history of Polish abortion law, outline the current legal status in this respect, paying attention to the provisions penalizing abortion related crimes.
PL
Prawo do aborcji jest prawem człowieka i jako takie zajmuje ważną rolę w dyskursie publicznym. W opracowaniu autorzy wskazują na historię polskiego prawa aborcyjnego, kreślą aktualny stan prawny w tym zakresie, zwracając uwagę na przepisy penalizujące przestępstwa aborcyjne.
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