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1

VICARAGES IN RIGA (Rigas pastorati)

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Zilgalvis J.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2004
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vol. 4
73-80
EN
Vicarages of Lutheran parishes, presbyteries of Catholic priests and houses of Orthodox priests make up an important part of the Latvian cultural heritage where specific traits of architectural development and traditions as well as events of cultural history are intertwined. Usually vicarages have been built together with parish churches, for example, the vicarage of Riga Reformers' parish whose origins are found in 1745. The period of Neoclassicism is typified by St. James' Church vicarage (1733, 1878, 1882), Mater Dolorosa Catholic Church presbytery (1780) and the Lutheran vicarage in Tornakalns (1st half of the 19th century). An early example of Neoclassicism is also St. Peter and 5t. Paul's Orthodox Church priests' and servants' house in the Citadel (1783-1785). Eclecticism is also strongly present In the architecture of Riga pastors' houses, for example, St. Martin's Lutheran Church vicarage at Martina Street 3 or St. Paul's Lutheran vicarage (1898, architect Hermann Hilbig). An outstanding example of Neo-Gothic and the so-called brick style is St. Francis' Catholic presbytery that includes also congregation and school premises (1889 1892, arch. Florian von Wiganowsky). Priests' and servants' house of the Annunciation Orthodox Church at Turgeneva Street 21 (1896, architect Alexei Kizelbash) stands out with its impressive volumes. St. Trinity Orthodox Cathedral priest's and servants' house at K. Barona Street 126 features the so-called summer cottage style of the last quarter of the 19th century. The famous Flemish artist and architect Henry van de Velde has designed St. Peter's school and vicarage building in Riga, Valnu Street 20 (1912). Another important figure was the local architect Wilhelm Bockslaff who designed the vicarage for the German congregation of Riga St. Martin's Lutheran Church. In the 1930s St. John's Lutheran Church vicarage is worth of attention (1930 1931, arch. Eizens Laube). A number of historically and architecturally singular priests' houses have survived in Riga. Some of them are real pearls of architecture that have retained their original material substance and look.
2

NEOCLASSICISM IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF RIGA (Klasicisms Rigas arhitektura)

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Zilgalvis J.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2004
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vol. 4
57-72
EN
In the 1770s Baroque and Rococo styles were replaced by Neoclassicism in Riga architecture. The first public building that embodied the new stylistic ideas was the Town Hall (1750-1765, arch. Johann Friedrich von Ettinger). In the 2nd half of the 18th century Old Riga started to change more rapidly. In 1785 Mater Dolorosa Catholic Church was erected, a new volume was added to the Riga Castle, creating a new facade (1783, arch. Johann Peter Bock), and a new square - the public centre of the town - was laid out in front of the castle. Adjacent buildings were supplemented with the Imperial Lyceum at Castle Square 2 (1785-1787, arch. Matthias Schons). In the Latvian architecture Neoclassicism has spilt in two trends. The first trend was influenced by the German and Russian Neoclassicism while the second was the so-called Civic Neoclassicism that had grown out of the local cultural-historical and social conditions. The main representative of the Civic Neoclassicism was Christoph Haberland (1750-1803). He designed dwelling houses at Miesnieku Street I (1779), Pils Street 6 (1795), Maza Pils Street 1 and 3, Teatra Street 6 (1785), Zirgu Street 28, merchant Morrison's house at Smilsu Street 5 (1787-1794), Johann Samuel Hollander's house at Skunu Street 17 (1787) and others. An important event in Riga was the library reconstruction at the Eastern wing of the Dome Cloister ( 1778-1787, arch. Christoph Haberland) that resulted in a spacious two-floored hall. Johann Hermann von Vietinghoff in his turn created the Musse House at Riharda Vagnera Street (I 78 I 1782, arch. Christoph Haberland). It was a kind of club for aristocracy where the first Riga theatre was housed. The development of Neoclassicist architecture in Riga influenced also sacred buildings, like St. Gertrud's Lutheran Church (1779-1781), St. Peter and St. Paul's Orthodox Church in the Citadel (1781-1785, arch. Sigismund Seege von Laurenberg) and Katlakalns Lutheran Church (1791-1792, arch. Christoph Haberland). As towns of the Russian Empire developed, there was a need to create a stylistically and compositionally unified environment. For this reason albums of exemplary facades were published in 1809 and 1812. They were used in Riga up to 1850.
3

MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IN LATE-19TH-CENTURY BUILDINGS OF KULDIGA (Viduslaiku arhitekturas formu izpausmes Kuldigas 19. gs. otras puses apbuve)

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Zilgalvis J.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2007
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vol. 6
125-136
EN
Kuldiga (Goldingen) is one of Latvian towns whose historical-style buildings feature a particular, original accent valued by its inhabitants. Romantic images of buildings are possibly sought after more than in other small towns. Wooden and stone dwelling and public buildings are always constructed with taste, expressive details and elaborated small parts. One of the most interesting Neo-Gothic buildings is the Court House at 25 Kalna Street (c. 1880). It is a symmetrical two-storey building with a wide central projection, covered by a steep two-pitched roof. Stylistic forms are consistently realised in the splendid façade. Here we see both decorative small towers in the corners and middle part of the projection. Towers rise from the façade at the point where the first-floor ceiling rests, rising quite a lot above the cornice. Cornices entwining the upper part of openings are typically Neo-Gothic and all alike - with somewhat back-bended ends. The Court House could be compared with some buildings designed by Theodor Seiler who was active in Southern Kurzeme, surroundings of Talsi and Kuldiga. Kuldiga stands out by wide-spread use of towers in comparison with other Latvian towns. A massive three-storey tower with battlement and arcature decorates the corner of the building at 2 Pils Street (last quarter of the 19th century). Several important Neo-Gothic details are lost over time, still seen on photos from the 1950s. Kuldiga inhabitants know this Neo-Gothic house by the name of the town mayor Armin Theophil Adolphi. A corner tower similar to that of 2 Pils Street is seen also at 17 Kalna Street (2nd half of the 19th century) but no Neo-Romanesque or Neo-Gothic décor elements are found; they might have been lost during reconstructions. But the very idea of building a tower at the corner of a house dates back to medieval architecture. A bulky hexagonal tower is attached to the building at 35/37 Liepajas Street that is a part of the present hospital complex but from 1912 to 1932 housed a post office and the tower was used for the needs of telegraph.
4

MONUMENTS OF NEO-GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN LATVIA IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT (Neogotikas arhitekturas pieminekli Latvija Rietumeiropas buvmakslas konteksta)

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Zilgalvis J.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2000
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vol. 1
37-50
EN
The spread of Neo-Gothic architecture in Latvia was facilitated by processes that were occurring in the arts in Western Europe, and it remained significant from the mid-18th until the 20th century. Interest in Medieval architecture and art was first demonstrated in Great Britain, so the Gothic revival in that country has been chosen as the context for an analysis of the most distinguished Neo-Gothic monuments in Latvia. The description of some specific objects in Latgale includes a brief look at this area of the construction art in Poland. The earliest surviving applications of Neo-Gothic elements in Latvian architecture date back to the first quarter of the 19th century (the Mazstraupe castle, the Kalsnava and Pure churches, etc.). Small Neo-Gothic constructions were found in parks of baronial estates (the viewing tower of the Medze estate, the chapel of the Svitene estate, etc.). In the second half of the 19th century, Neo-Gothicism was already popular throughout Latvia, and stylistically unified buildings and ensembles of buildings appeared (a reconstruction of the Medieval Edole castle, and the earliest example of Tudor Neo-Gothicism - the castle of the Vecauce estate). Until the mid-19th century, Neo-Gothic architecture in Latvia was found largely in the castles of baronial estates (the castle of the Odziena estate, the Aluksne estate), but beginning with the third quarter of the 19th century, there was a boom in the construction of Neo-Gothic churches (Old St. Gertrude's Church in Riga, St. Trinity Church in the Sarkandaugava neighborhood of Riga, St. Paul's Church in Riga, etc.). New St. Gertrude's Church in Riga and the Garsene church in Augszeme (Courland) were designed similarly to the asymmetrical composition of the Daugavpils Lutheran church - a building that is an early and innovative example from the broader perspective - e.g., when we compare it to churches in Northeastern Poland. One of the most distinguished Neo-Gothic churches not only in Latvia but in the entire Baltic region is the Liksna church - a modern building that was designed with various Gothic elements in it.
5

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEO-GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN THE LITERATURE (Neogotikas arhitekturas atspogulojums literatura)

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Zilgalvis J.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2001
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vol. 2
55-68
EN
Neo-Gothic architecture has never been studied separately from other styles in Latvia. It has been reviewed as one of a number of styles in several publications. The first serious studies were done by the Rigensian architect and art historian Wilhelm Neumann, who understood the need to preserve information for future generations about work that young architects were doing during his time. In publications about the history of architecture that appeared in the 1920s and I 930s, there was much criticism of buildings that had been put up in the latter half of the 19th century, but here, too, we find a considerable amount of information for the architectural research of that period. Information about the work of architects and builders in Kurzeme and Vidzeme between 1400 and 1870 was provided by the architect Pauls Kampe. A book by Heinz Pirang, 'Das baltische Herrenhaus', which was written in the 1920s and 1930s, provided the first overall look at the way in which manor houses in Latvia developed from the Middle Ages until 1914. In the 1950s and 1960s there were several publications in which authors looked at the architecture of specific manor houses or concrete eras in time, but the objects that were studied were all built far before the mid-19th century. New breezes in the study of architecture from the period of Eclecticism appeared in the 1970s, when Janis Krastins began to publish his studies. In the 1970s and 1980s, Imants Lancmanis, IIze Janele and other specialists studied the architecture of manor houses. This process continued in the early 1990s. Lancmanis is continuing to study the architecture of specific manor houses, and his books and articles lead the field when it comes to researching the 18th century and the early 19th century. Work by Dainis Brugis and Ojars Sparitis, both of whom have focused on the same period, is also worthy of attention. In 1996, there was a very significant event in the research of manor house architecture in the latter half of the 19th century and in the early 20th century - the publication of the monograph 'Manor Houses of the Historicism Period in Latvia' by Dainis Brugis.
6

THE WHITE PALACE OF VECGULBENE MANOR - ITS BUILDERS, ARCHITECTS AND FORTUNES (Vecgulbenes muizas Balta pils: celeji, arhitektura un likteni)

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Zilgalvis J.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
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2009
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vol. 12
22-26
EN
Vecgulbene (Alt-Schwanenburg) manor is situated in Gulbene District within the territory of the town of Gulbene, which has been a crossroads since ancient times. The manor is known as one of the most prominent and splendid ensembles in Latvia and possibly in the Baltic region. This place suffered considerably during the wars and the Soviet period. Construction and reconstruction of the so-called White Palace at 12 Brivibas Street has been dated differently by various sources. First it was stated that the central part had already been built in 1763 and reconstructed in 1840s-1870s. Art historian Dainis Brugis holds that the Palace was built around 1840, which seems to be a more plausible version; construction was carried out by the Wolff family, possibly by Rudolf Gottlieb Magnus von Wolff (1809-1847) and entries in his daughter Isabella's diary attest to this. Rudolf von Wolff had traveled to many countries including Italy. The style of Italian villas evident in the White Palace surely comes from Rudolf's taste and interests. The Palace was inherited by Rudolf's son Johann Heinrich Gottlieb von Wolff (1843-1897) who reconstructed and enlarged the building in the last quarter of the 19th century. The architecture of the Palace was influenced by the Renaissance. The project resembles the Renaissance villas found among Andrea Palladio's works. The central two-storey block was almost cube-shaped and flanked by single storey wings at both ends. The façades were lavishly decorated. The central volume featured wide, fluted colossal order pilasters; triangle-shaped, plastic frontons were placed over the ground floor window openings.
7

DUNTE MANOR HOUSE OVER CENTURIES (Duntes muizas kungu maja gadsimtu gaita)

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Zilgalvis J.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
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2005
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vol. 4
33-37
EN
Until 1423 Dunte manor (Rurhern, Rurershoff, Rurerhoff) belonged to the Rosen family. Proprietors changed with time but the Treiden family was Dunte landlords during the Polish-Swedish War. Its existence in the period of early Mannerism - from the 1560s to the first decade of the 17th century - is confirmed by stove tile fragments found in the former manor house foundations and cellars in autumn 2004. All of them were damaged by fire. One item deserves particular attention. It is a green-glazed tile with a man's profile at its centre. It is likely that this Renaissance period tile had been decorated with some narrative scene. A tile depicting the Allegory of Love from the series of Seven Virtues is from the stove that also belongs to the late Mannerism and early Baroque period. Such a rarely found tile from the Bauska Castle is dated by the second half of the 17th century. The Treidens owned the manor demolished by the war until the Swedish times. From the 1630 Dunte manor belonged to senior lieutenant Ernst Ludwig Glasenapp. In 1677 his heirs sold the manor to Johann von Dunten. A new manor house was built in 1719 when the Dunten family owned the manor. It was simple and rather archaic. In the mid-18th century the Dunte new manor house is related to Karl Friedrich Hieronymus von Munchhausen (1720-1797) - a legendary personality who married Jacobine von Dunten, the daughter of Dunte landlord, in 1744. The Dunten family owned the manor until the Latvian Agrarian Reform. It is likely that, as a result of the 1894 restoration, the building acquired the look depicted by the oldest known photograph from the early 20th century, found in the Herder Institute in Marburg, Germany. The last photograph of the manor house was taken in the 1960s, it was pulled down in 1966 but restoration started in 2004.
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