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1

ON THE ROLE OF WORKING MEMORY IN CODING AND RETRIEVAL INFORMATION IN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

100%
Maruszewski T.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
51-62
EN
Aim of the paper is to develop model of autobiographical memory. Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) distinguished two parts of autobiographical memory: autobiographical knowledge base and processes of autobiographical memories construction. This model should be completed with ideas concerning relations between above mentioned parts of autobiographical memory. It is proposed that working memory is responsible for communication between autobiographical knowledge base and autobiographical memories construction. Two models of working memory - those of Baddeley's and Cowan's - were used to demonstrate specificity of information coding and retrieval in autobiographical memory. Crucial point for these two approaches is a problem of usefulness of episodic buffer. This buffer may be distinct element in autobiographical memory system, but it is also possible that its function may be fulfilled by central executive. Empirical studies are required to establish a status of episodic buffer proposed recently by Baddeley.
2

ATTENTION - EMOTIONS - ALEXYTHYMIA

100%
Maruszewski T.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
|
vol. 42
|
issue 1
79-92
EN
The paper is aimed at finding relations between selective function of attention and alexithymia. We also tried to answer the question if attentional selection varies in different emotional states. Selective attention was studied with own modification of Moron test. The test consists in a matrix containing 400 schematic expressions of various emotions and SS are asked to find and mark faces with expression of particular emotion within 2 minutes. Study 1 was carried out on 198 subjects with different levels of alexithymia (abstinent alcoholics, medical faculty students, people working in various institutions matched to alcoholics). Main effects of group and kind of emotion were found for all indices registered in Moron test. Abstinent alcoholics got the worst results in Moron test, whereas medical faculty students got the best results. Attentional selection was better in case of expressions of anger and sadness than in case of joy. Study 2 was carried out on group of students (N = 148). Three versions of Moron test were used: subjects were instructed to find and mark expressions of sadness, joy and anger. Two versions of instruction were introduced. First one required to find and mark the same faces as were shown to the subjects. In the second one a name of emotion was given as well as schematic face displaying this emotion. Main effect of the level of alexithymia was not found. The best results were obtained both for sadness and anger and the worst - for joy. Second version of instruction giving both name of emotion and facial expression of that emotion lead to worse results comparing to version in which only pictures of expression were given. None of interactions in study 1 and 2 was significant. Implications of these results for both theory of selective attention and theory of alexithymia are analyzed.
3

CONSCIOUSNESS, WORKING MEMORY AND EMOTIONS

100%
Maruszewski T.
Psychological Studies
|
2007
|
vol. 45
|
issue 1
83-96
EN
Theoretical study aimed at comparison functions of working memory and consciousness. The paper presents comparative analysis of working memory and consciouness functions. Consciousness is analyzed from the point of view of metaphorical and high context approach of Bernard Baars. Two distinct approaches to functions of working memory were taken into account. The first approach assumes that working memory consists of various structures and processes (Baddeley approach), while the second one is based on assumption of homogeneity of memory processes. Working memory in considered as activated part of long term memory. Fundamental difference between consciousness and both approaches to working memory refers to temporal range of regulation. Working memory is capable to regulate behavior during short period of time - not longer than few seconds. Consciousness may be very effective for a very long time. The two considered systems, i.e. working memory and consciousness may related to different kinds of emotional processes. These processes may be termed as phasic and tonic emotions. Phasic emotions occur as fast and short response to external stimuli; on the other hand tonis emotions may be considered as a result on interaction between distant goals (motivational system) and current situational demands. Consequences of such approach to working memory and consciousness for many psychological theories are discussed.
4

CHANGES OF AFFECTIVE TONE OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL EXPERIENCES

100%
Maruszewski T.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2005
|
vol. 13
105-122
EN
The paper considers a phenomenon of change of memories affective tone that took place in life of an individual. Most studies indicate that people notice more positive events than negative in their lives. If these events become more distant in time, the effect of fading is observed: memories of negative events fade faster than memories of positive ones. Careful analysis of empirical data suggests that in some cases this process does not take place: it happens in case of dreams and memories of trauma. Two attempts of explanations of the above mentioned relationships are considered: mobilization-minimization hypothesis of Taylor (1981) and suggested by the author concept of memory control.
5

TWO PERSPECTIVES IN ANALYSIS OF ADAPTATION

100%
Maruszewski T.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2004
|
vol. 12
5-16
EN
The following paper constitutes an analysis of social adaptation and its specifics in comparison to biological adaptation. The concept of adaptation was introduced to psychology under the influence of evolution theory but with time the above term acquired quite different meaning. Social adaptation is associated not only with coping with environmental challenges but also with modifying one's environment. Attempts of modification are not always successful, which is exemplified by some architectural designs and their realizations. Changes of social environment are results of individual and collective decisions made in the course of cultural evolution. Contemporary man faces two challenges: the first one being the necessity to select growing number of information; the second one being virtual reality analyzed on the example of the media and the internet. This reality is created through the activity of frontal lobes of our brain, which accounts not only for the fact that human adaptation is a response to something what has happened, but also that it may anticipate what may happen in future.
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