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Karol Lilienfeld-Krzewski i jego rola w budowaniu legendy legionowej Józefa Piłsudskiego

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Czekaj K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2008

issue 82

19-40

This article is an attempt of showing the role in building an ethos of legion and the legend of Józef Piłsudski by literary work of Karol Lilienfeld-Krzcwski. This figure although of its unquestionable input in the activity has gone into forgetfulness, that’s why his life, as well as the rich literature, jurnalist and his publicity work is worth mentioning. Karol Krzewski wasn’t the first plan activist, although his participation in many important events, entrusting to positions less prominent but often crucial to the authorities, lastly the remarkable personality, made him highly valued figure in political circles and popular among wide masses of community of the 11 RP (Pepublic of Poland). The participant of a Riflemen’s Association in Galicja, a soldier in The First Brigade of Polish Legions, an activist in Polish War Organization, the participant of war 1920, (political) commentator of the belweder camp, one of the founder of its political programme, the member of Polish Radio’s management, employee of the Military Institute of Science and Education, lastly a soldier of the September campain and an associate of Marszalek Śmigly-Rydz while his residence in Romania - Krzewski’s life and carier was determined by the most important attempts in the history of two decades of the XX-th century. Although in the awarness of the contemporaries Krzewski remained popular Kapra! Szczapa, which adventure became the basis of a book, that made its author not only famous but also built one of the legends around the figure of Józef Piłsudski. The authoress of this article tried to show (point out) the most characteristic elements of this legend, as well as the whole legion mythology, presented in Krzewski’s work. She analized not only the literary work Kapral Szczxtpa but also the work conected with the legion and military campsite theatre press. The analizę, in confrontation with other similar front-line publications, alowed to place Szczapa in the rich trend of legion literacy. Krzewski’s work in this period: literary, in the front-line publications and on the stage of campsite theatre was the reflection of consolidation process which occured in the group associated with Józef Piłsudski, the document of the reality in military service and life in the dig in around Wołyń, lastly the reflection of political conflicts of those times. Worth mentioning is the original, unique language, which uses Krzewski and wich is the characteristic for the whole legion environment, codc understood and used only by the soldiers of this concrete military unit. Another specific element is the always present and unique military humor, very well seen in Kapral Szczapa. What strikes is its sharp, mockery and malice. The language and humor are mostly used to propagate the glory of First Brigade and her Commanding oficer. The next thing that strikes is the uncritical relation to the decisions, plans, resolutions o f Piłsudski and the recognition of elitisty of his soldiers. Krzewski’s work is also a proof of how strong and deeply ingrained in those times was the cult of Józef Piłsudski among the members of his camp. The conflicts inside the whole political camp found also a reflection in Kapral Szczapa. There are lots of mockery and malice remarks about the Military Department NKN, the members of Legion Headquarters, contemptuous attitude to the Austrian headquarters and the whole c.k. army. To sum up, this article is ment to show the impact and popularity, which Kapral Szczapa recieved (obtained) not only at war among followers of Józef Piłsudski. At the same time this work is a document of its age, original historical source, the work of creative inteligence, which concentrated around Józef Piłsudski in the times of First World War and which gave the beginning to the strongest political camp in the II Republic of Poland.

Rozłam w Polskiej Partii Socjalistycznej w oświetleniu publicystów „Trybuny”

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Czekaj K.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2008

issue 83

101-124

"Trybuna" was a magazine founded by a group of PPS (Polish Socialist Party) activists centred around Jozef Pilsudski in November 1906 to propagate the political programme of die faction of “the old” that - after the split in die party - established the PPS-Frakcja Rewolucyjna (Revolutionary Faction). Among the magazine’s columnists one could find the most important writers, i.e. those who belonged to the group centered around Piłsudski (Jodko, Sieroszewski, Filipowicz) as well as Żeromski, Limanowski, Daniłowski, and Orkan. Until the formal split in the party, which took place at the 9"' Congress in November 1906, the articles in ''Trybuna” had not vigorously opposed the official party programme. Only later did the columnists of the Revolutionary Faction start strongly opposing the tactical and ideological principles of their former comrades. Although the political programme of the Revolutionary Faction did not formally differ from the PPS agenda as the struggle for influence among party members and labourers excluded the possibility of divergence from the most important socialist demands, ''Trybuna” emphasized those aspects of the programme which constituted the pillars of Pilsudski’s conception. The primary target of the Revolutionary Faction - as it results from articles in “Trybuna" - was to prepare the Polish society for an armed struggle for the independence of Poland, i.e. to train the cadres that could lead the prospective national uprising and to overcome the psychological barrier within the Polish society, which caused the people to be lethargic and passive towards the partitioned. Another distinct matter prevalent from the very beginning in articles of "Trybuna" was the attitude of the Revolutionary Faction towards the revolutionary movement in Russia, which was also the cause of the split in the party. The reluctance to combine the Polish struggle for independence with a revolution in Russia is a complex issue. First of all, Piłsudski, and others activists of his group, did not believe in a swift success of Russian socialists. Both in his publications and those of members of his group, it is emphasized that according to them the crisis of the czarism is temporary and the democratic concessions were simply forced by circumstances. Thus, for Poles the events that took place in Russia could prove merely favourable, but not decisive for the Polish independence movement. The authors of "Trybuna” also polemicized strongly with the conception of “tri-annexation” - an idea to win the independence of all three annexed territories as a result of a great labour revolution, which - in turn - was to establish a federation of independent states in place of the overthrown monarchies. The activists of the Faction considered such a program to be not only a utopia, but also an act of high treason as it excluded the possibility of gaining independence even in one of the annexed territories and it would result in a federation of states, which would limit the political independence of Poland. Another matter which divided activists of PPS were the methods of revolutionary struggle and issues related with party tactics - especially after the revolution of 1905. To put it simply, we can find that - as far as parly tactics is concerned - the faction of “the young”, especially since the beginning of 1905, was in favour of mass campaigns, labour protests and strike campaigns. Whereas according to Piłsudski, the party should be concerned with stimulating the labour movement and controlling it, so that premature demonstrations would not take place as it could weaken the powers of the proletariat and damage the cause of the struggle for independence. In his plans, PPS was supposed to change its focus from mass activities to terrorist-conspirational ones. “Trybuna” was being published until September 1907. The publication was stopped because of financial reasons as well as because it had fulfilled its objectives as the organ of the faction, i.e. in its articles the first principles of an official cohesive political programme of the newly established PPS-Frakcja Rewolucyjna (Revolutionary Faction) had been formulated.

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2 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2 Czekaj K.

2 2008

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Karol Lilienfeld-Krzewski i jego rola w budowaniu legendy legionowej Józefa Piłsudskiego

Rozłam w Polskiej Partii Socjalistycznej w oświetleniu publicystów „Trybuny”