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EN
In most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, oral history was initiated in the circles of dissidents in the 1980s. Memories of the politically marginalised or persecuted citizens were the source of insights into uncensored versions of recent past. Therefore the term “a witness to history” is central to the “civic historiography”, which has been developed in Poland. After the fall of communism, the civic participation in the archiving, educating and researching has been institutionalised and identifies itself as oral history. The article presents epistemological and ethical paradoxes of the concept of “a witness to history” in the light of social and linguistic practice, as well as its historiographical and political usage. Examples of major oral history projects actively present in the public space and state and public institutions, influencing oral history practice in Poland, are presented. In the analysis of such institutions as the Warsaw Uprising Museum or the Institute of National Memory, the author focuses on their definition of “a witness to history” and places their practices in the context of the politics of memory implemented in Poland since 2005. Apart from the abovementioned powerful social players in the serious game of memory, knowledge and imagination, there are, however, other social actors contributing to the notion of oral history and creating an alternative vision of its tasks. The author sketches two modes of the development of oral history in Poland – academic and public oral history – pointing at the concepts of ‘narrator’ and ‘a witness to history’, and briefly summarises the main problems of contemporary dominant practice.
EN
The article presents main trends that have been present in oral history of Anglo-Saxon, German and Polish cultures since the 1960s till today. The thesis of the article is comprised in the text’s structure: an account of the history and methodological variety of oral history in terms of definitions given – now or in the past – to a person being interviewed. According to the author, these definitions reflect epistemological horizons of researchers’ expectations, the ethical aspects of their research subject choices and ethical status of oral history in contemporary culture.“Informer” is a term taken from sociology. It is typical for the days when oral history tried to become part of the modernist paradigm dominant in the 1960s and 70s. A crisis in epistemology in 1980s shifted the scientific interest to linguistic aspect of cognition, introducing the term “narrator” to oral history. The author discusses two trends in which this word appears along with a category of “experience”: a German biographical method which was popular also in Poland, and a method of research formulated under the influence of Alessandro Portelli, in which the main role is played by relations between a narrator/speaker and a historian. On the other hand, the concept of “a witness to history”, predominant in Polish oral history, represents specific epistemological and ethical paradoxes which have their origins in circumstances, in which this domain of “civic historiography” was born. Finally, the author focuses on ethical issues of conducting an interview, and a problem of transcribing and editing an oral narrative.
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EN
The article concerns the problem of a lack of both academic tools as well as a catalogue of basic epistemological objectives that could serve oral history in Poland. It has to be stated, however, that there are already many institutions, conferences and journals, that focus on the issue of oral history. The author proposes some solutions that could improve this methodological gap, based on her own experience in oral history, such as introducing a research diary as a scientific research tool. 
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2011
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vol. 65
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issue 1(292)
45-56
EN
The author tackled the question of the post-war anti-communist armed Underground movement in Poland, which up to now has been the domain of studies conducted mainly by experts on political history operating with traditional methodology. After the introduction, which develops the methodological motif, the author went on to present historiographic narrations collected during several research projects ( with different themes) conducted in 2001–2008 in north-eastern Mazovia and the Podlasie region. The article considers history stemming both from individual experiences of the past and a historical and contemporary cultural, social and political context. “Autogenic history ” is analysed by referring to communication genres and narration strategies, applied by the narrators of historical categories, and the properties, which they ascribe to history and its protagonists. The author asks about the impact of present-day and past public discourses upon such folk narrations (by way of example, communist propaganda, the language of the contemporary media, etc.).
EN
The text presents the procedures and techniques involved in a research method aimed at “evoking a historical source”, which is understood as a researcher’s prepared and academically rigorously implemented participation in the creation by a witness to history of such recollective material that might be a carrier of information and that might be subject to rudimentary historical analysis. The text presents defined assumptions and subsequent stages of the proposed research procedure.
PL
Tekst przedstawia procedury i techniki metody badawczej ukierunkowanej na „wywołanie źródła historycznego”, co rozumiane jest jako przygotowany i zrealizowany w rygorze naukowym udział badacza w stworzeniu przez świadka historii takiego materiału wspomnieniowego, który mógłby być nośnikiem informacji i zostałby poddany rudymentarnej analizie historycznej. W tekście przedstawiono zdefiniowane założenia i kolejne etapy postępowania badawczego.
EN
The text presents the procedures and techniques of the research method aimed at “evoking the historical source”, which is understood as the researcher’s prepared and implemented scientifi-cally rigorous participation in the creation by a witness of history of such a reminiscence material that could be a carrier of information and would be subjected to rudimentary historical analysis. The text presents the defined assumptions and subsequent stages of the research procedure.
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