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EN
The goal of this study is to present objectives of the Bologna Declaration in a context of unification processes and analysis of standardization of spatial economy taught on polish universities. Unification known as synchronized education system is a process necessary to build a coherent development strategy of European knowledge-based economy. Maintaining an academic autonomy in terms of substance, methods, forms and means of education may support utilization of academic personnel’s capabilities and create new ways of building supranational societies who base their vantage on knowledge.
EN
The assumption of multivariate normality is the basis of the standard methodology of multivariate mathematical statistics. The commonness of the use of the multivariate normal distribution is mainly implied by properties of this distribution in comparison with other multivariate distributions. Investigating the influence of the departures from normality on the used methods of constructing confidence intervals and diverse testing procedures is neither easy nor successfully implemented. Statistical methods to analyze multivariate numerical data robust to departures from normality are still at their early stage of development. It is of great use to have procedures for testing reasonable assumptions of multivariate normality for a given set of observed random vectors, especially for the ones from laboratory testing designs or time series. There are many tests of multivariate normality. Their number follows from their usefulness to investigate different departures from multivariate normality. In the article the results concerning the power of tests based on the measures of shape, derived from both analytical and Monte Carlo investigations, are presented. The multivariate coefficients of the measures of shape are also applied as statistics characterizing multivariate sample. That is why the research of the tests of multivariate normality based on the measures of skewness and kurtosis was carried out.
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In the paper we present the use of MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) in the evaluation of the teaching process on the basis of the survey carried out among students of the Faculty of Economic and Sociology, University of Lodz. The main goal of the survey was (1) to obtain some characteristics of students of the Faculty of Economic and Sociology from the point of view of the reasons for the choice of the studies at the UL and (2) to evalua te the quality of the educational process in different fields of studies at the Faculty.
EN
A review of the text of the Psalter of St. Florian indicates the necessity for a revision of S. Rospond's theory of the obvious Mazovian features of the second and third copyists. It occurs that the second copyist certainly did not exhibit any Mazovian features while nothing certain can be said of the third one. Such conclusion seems to confirm another theory by S. Respond according to which there existed a Great-Polish original manuscript of the Psalter.
DE
Im Römischen Reich koexistierten viele Religionen und Kulte nebeneinander. Das Christentum entwickelte sich in der römischen Welt zur Zeit, als das Heidentum in dem Reich allgegenwärtig war. Die Einflüsse des Heidentums sind in der Architektur der christlichen Friedhöfe, Grüfte und deren Verziehung bemerkbar, auch in der Art und Weise, in der man sich um die Toten und vor allem um die Märtyrer gekümmert hatte. Die Annahmen der heidischcn Hypogän, Kolumbarien oder auch Mausoleen findet man in den christlichen Beerdigungsstätten. Man findet dort aber auch heidische Symbole, die auf den Wandgemälden vorhanden sind. Im Kult der Christus-Zeugen-Verehrung beobachtet man einige Analogien wie bei Verehrung der heidischen Helden. Die Christen wussten darüber hinaus von allen im Spätantike angewendeten Beerdigungsformen: • Friedhöfe im Freien; • Hypogän; • Kolumbarien; • Grabkammern; • Einfache Bodengräber bedeckt mit Ziegel oder steineren Platten in Form von einem Satteldach; • Im Boden vertiefte Amphoren; • Felsengräber; • Gräber innerhalb der Grüfte, gemauert, mit Putz versehen, manchmal mit Wandgemälden oder Mosaiken bedeckt; • Sarkophage; • Christliche Beerdigungformen in den ersten Jahrhunderten n.Ch. unterscheiden sich nicht von denen in dem heidischen Umfeld.
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tekst wprowadzający do tomu 2/2013 Eastern Review
EN
In the article the author analyses word-formation and semantics of personal nouns of masculine gender, derived with the help of unproductive suffixes in the 17th – century Russian language. The suffixes mentioned are: -анин, -ак, -ант, -ар/-арь, -ер, -тырь, -ач, -ич/-евич, -им, -ина, -ка, -ыка, -ок, -ух, -их, -ца (-ица, -йца, -ница), -ачей/-чий (-ичий, -ничий), -ий. The research shows that sufixes -ар/-арь and -анин are more frequently used than others in described derivational process, and suffixes like -ант, -ач, -им, -их, -ыка, -ырь can be found only in single personal nouns. What is more, we can talk about the specialization of some of them. Some nouns reveal synonymous meaning, eg. трубач – трубачей, ходок – ходак, горожанин – гражанин, and in several cases we can deal with the loadings from west-european languages, eg. аптекарь, музыкант, мушкетер. In general, in comparison to the most productive in Russian language of 17th century suffixes -тель, -щик, -ник and -ец the unproductive ones are rare in secular literature of that period.
EN
In the article the author analyses difficulties which appear in contemporary researches about the category of sign. According the author these difficulties often lead to ignoring the definitions of the category sign. To unsolve the problems of understanding the sign one should take into consideration the pragmatic criteria of communication and the role which the sign plays in speech.
EN
The paper aims at presenting basic considerations referred to blending theory, on the material of articles in press published during the electoral campaign in 2005 in Poland. As it has been demonstrated, studying the mental architecture of metaphorical constructions offers access to many challenging aspects of cognitive semantics. In this paper it has been analysed the meaning of a specific metaphor in the background of the blending theory by Fauconnier and Turner, as well as the semiotic mental space theory (network) designed by Line Brandt and Per Aage Brandt.
EN
The paper presents a review of a monography by Beata Rycielska and Marzena Rycielska entitled „Imaging in Language. Lancelet and Russian Dative” (Słupsk 2008).
EN
The contact with the animal kingdom has become the source of many observations for a human being. They refer to the way of behaving, moving, the appearance of the fauna representatives, their mutual relations or arrangements existing in animal families. Many of these perceptions have given rise to metaphors, comparisons and idioms that allow to describe people’s characters, relations between individuals, their looks and way of being in a very figurative, vivid and original way.
EN
The article contains a review of numerous Russian linguistic theories regarding the status of a word and phraseologism. Comparative analysis of subject matter established that linguists do not agree on the borderline between lexicology and phraseology as well as on the linguistic status of the subject matter. Some linguists claim that phraseology is a branch of lexicology, whilst others consider it a separate field. Supporters of the first theory, i.e. those in favour of incorporating phraseology into lexicology, include W. G. Gak, A. A. Reformatski, N. M. Szanski, D. N. Szmielow, A. A. Giruckij, whilst its opponents include W. N. Telia, W. P. Żukow, A. W. Żukow, L. G Barlas, G. G. Infantowa, M. G. Sejfulin, N. A. Senina, L. W. Nikolenko, N. S. Walgina, D. E. Rozental, M. I. Fomina. The presented stands and scholars’ views unquestionably proved the existence of features common to both subject matters and they allowed to distinguish a semantic and functionalpragmatic criterion, on the basis of which both a phraseologism and word can be examined within one academic branch.
EN
The paper describes lexical units which are adopted by the Polish youth slang as nicknames, which present an actual tendency in linguistic investigations. The vocabulary of Russian nicknames, edited by H. Valter and V. Mokienko is an evidence of this fact. Our research is based on the heritage of famous linguists. We use their outstanding achievements and linguistic material presented by the „rich sponsor” of philologist as Internet for presenting the most threatened species in present moment which are nicknames. We note several units being derivatives of the names of cartoon’s hero which have been or are popular in Poland. They describe people’s appearance, style of behavior. The using of them characterize the speaker as well. The nicknames can be transformed. The purpose of this process is creating a new as for the expression and the form unit, which would be answer the purpose of using slang.
EN
The aim of the present paper is to prove the presence of idioms in the child language. Idioms are used by children in modified forms. Idiomatic innovations may affect both structure and meaning of idioms. They are the result of the child’s analytical attitude towards language. Idioms are present in the child language beginning from two years old children. Little children use structural deformed idioms. They invent neologisms as well. Elder children’ idiomatic innovations cause literalization of idioms. We can find puns among them.
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Critique of culture is one of the biggest parts of philosophy/psychology created by Carl Gustav Jung. Jung was witness of World War I and World War II, his thought was deeply influenced by writings of F. Nietzsche, who assured us that we (modern people) are sentenced to Age of nihilism. Jung seemed to take over this belief, developing it inside his own philosophical system. In Jung’s way of thinking Age of nihilism turned into a monumental discourse about New Age, where overgrown Enlightment’ Reason must abdicate, leaving its position to The Age of new spirituality. In my paper I’m trying to present thought of The Swiss psychologist as an apocalyptical prophecy, but not only apocalyptical. My aim is to find bright beam among this very pessimistic part of his oeuvre.
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