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Wasale, trybutariusze, sojusznicy. ­Charakter relacji państw bałkańskich z Turcją osmańską w XIV wieku

100%
Czamańska I.
Slavia Meridionalis
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2011
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vol. 11
EN
Vassals, tributaries, allies. The nature of the relations of the Balkan states with the Ottoman Turkey in the 14th centuryIn the second half of the fourteenth century, more than twenty political bodies functioned in Balkans, which were more or less independent, often in conflicts with each other, joining into leagues and alliances.The Ottomans were a valuable ally, with which the Balkan rulers came in close political and military relationships. The study of evolution and the nature of these relations meets serious difficulties due to lack of surviving documents, defining the nature of bilateral relations of the Ottomans with particular Balkan states, while other sources, usually from a later period, are not very precise. The difficulties of interpretation concern such fundamental matters as the chronology of Turkish conquests, conflicts and peace agreements. However, the analysis of preserved source material leads to the following conclusions:1. Subordination of the Balkan countries by the Ottomans was a long-term process, and their relationships with the Balkan states were diverse in nature.2. Payment of the tribute for the benefit of the Turks could, but did not have to mean the entry into vassal relations, however gave an evidence about the entry into peaceful relations.3. Orhan, Murad I and Bajezid I were satisfied on the territory of Europe with the establishment of the allied, tributary relationships and over the time with the strengthening of own vassal position. However, at the end of the fourteenth century, all the Balkan states were at some stage of such relations, mostly on the last of them.4. Entry into close, family relations with the ruling sultan meant usually a close political and military cooperation. Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian wives of the sultans had the right to remain in the Christian faith and often exerted a strong political influence. The support and protection of the closest relatives of the wife was fulfilled by the Turkish rulers. Thanks to it, for example Serbia of Stefan Lazarević was essentially strengthened, becoming at the same time the most serious support of Bajezid I in the Balkans.
2
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In memoriam. Veniamin Ciobanu (1938-2015)

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 2
205-206
3
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Błażej Szefliński, Trzy oblicza Sawy Nemanjicia. Postać historyczna ̶ autokreacja ̶ postać literacka, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2016, s. 344.

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2016
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vol. 23
209-212
4
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Piotr Tafiłowski, Pomiędzy cywilizacjami. Wojna i praktyki komunikacyjne na pograniczu chrześcijańsko-muzułmańskim na przełomie średniowiecza i ery nowożytnej, Wydawnictwo Napoleon V, Oświęcim 2019, ss. 333.

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2020
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vol. 27
235-237
5
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Daniel Hrenciuc, Cu ochii la răsărit: Relaţiile româno-polone în perioada interbellică (1919-1939), Tipo Moldova Iaşi 2012, ss. 602.

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2012
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vol. 19
339-340
6
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Chrześcijańskie małżonki sułtanów tureckich. Małżeństwa polityczne w Imperium Osmańskim XIV i XV wieku

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2013
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vol. 20
47-63
EN
During the formation of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman rulers, similarly to the European rulers pursued a policy of the matrimonial contract, when entering into political marriages with the daughters of the Christian rulers. Christian wives were not forced to convert to Islam. Their status was clearly defined by a marriage settlement signed by the parents or brothers of a future husband. This contract provided females with the right to retain their religion, their means of sustenance to maintain their homes and mansions, as well as high status. Initially, these marriages and the related family relationships were treated very seriously, and one should not consider them to be only a manifestation of vassalization, they usually brought mutual political benefits. With time, with growing disproportions in the military capabilities of the Ottoman Empire and the Christian states in the Balkans, they became a part of political pressure. This did not mean, though, a departure from the principles of marriage contracts. The abolition of the Byzantine Empire and the Balkan countries caused a withdrawal from the policy of the sultans’ marriage contracts with Christian females, and later, a complete resignation from marriage settlements. After the conquest of the Balkans and Asia Minor, they lost their purpose.
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Wołosi/Vlasi z terenów Hercegowiny w świetle defterów osmańskich z XV i XVI wieku

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2018
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vol. 25
219-249
EN
Defter's are an excellent source for historians, especially in demographic and socio-economic research, they are also very useful in researching the Vlachian communities. Analysis of material contained in Ottoman defter's from the Herzegovina area leads to the following conclusions: 1. In the area of Herzegovina, in the second half of the fifteenth century, Vlachs lived in a mostly nomadic lifestyle. Their number was at least sixty thousand people. 2. In the second half of the fifteenth century, many abandoned villages were recorded. Abandoned villages were gradually settled by migratory Vlachs, which contributed to their change of lifestyle on semi-settled and settled. In 1585, Vlachs - shepherds who were not associated with a village were rare. 3. In the Ottoman state, Vlachs those who lead an nomadic way of living, as well as those living in the Vlachian villages, were tax-favored, paid only a lump grazing tax for the state (a filuria with allowances), and did not pay any benefits to the timar owner. In the event that they served as derbenci's or vojnuc's, they were exempted from all taxes. 4. Settling in the former agricultural villages, in particular related to undertaking agricultural activities, was most often associated with an additional burden of tithing for the sipahi. Departure from pastoralism meant degradation to a group of raya, most often in these villages mixed-agricultural-pastoral management was conducted. Newly settled villages rarely received the status of the vlachian villages, because such status freed residents from additional benefits even in the case of agricultural classes. 5. The flat-rate grazing tax, filuria, in the fifteenth century had a fixed value and equaled 45 akçe, while at the end of the sixteenth century it was different for various Vlachs groups and could range from 60 to 200 akçe. Considering the fact that additional fees for sheep or tents were liquidated and that the value of employment fell akçe significantly compared to the fifteenth century, the real amount of taxes did not increase, and in some cases it decreased. 6. Not much on the basis of defilers can be said about the language used by the Herzegovina Vlachs. In defeats from the fifteenth century they bear mostly Slavic names, but sometimes there are also names only in the Vlachs: Radu, Bratul, Dabija, the same also applies to local names. 7. Gradually, Islamization processes took place. In the fifteenth century, they are almost invisible among the Vlachs, almost all of them wore Christian names. At the end of the sixteenth century, a significant percentage of Vlachs wore Muslim names. The Islamization process seems to be faster among the Vlachs settled than the Vlachs nomads, but there is no rule.8. In the light of the defters in the area of Herzegovina, there is no difference between Muslims and non-Muslims in burdens to the state, but defters do not include the cizye, or headship, collected from non-Muslims.
PL
Defter's are an excellent source for historians, especially in demographic and socio-economic research, they are also very useful in researching the Vlachian communities. Analysis of material contained in Ottoman defter's from the Herzegovina area leads to the following conclusions: 1. In the area of Herzegovina, in the second half of the fifteenth century, Vlachs lived in a mostly nomadic lifestyle. Their number was at least sixty thousand people. 2. In the second half of the fifteenth century, many abandoned villages were recorded. Abandoned villages were gradually settled by migratory Vlachs, which contributed to their change of lifestyle on semi-settled and settled. In 1585, Vlachs - shepherds who were not associated with a village were rare. 3. In the Ottoman state, Vlachs those who lead an nomadic way of living, as well as those living in the Vlachian villages, were tax-favored, paid only a lump grazing tax for the state (a filuria with allowances), and did not pay any benefits to the timar owner. In the event that they served as derbenci's or vojnuc's, they were exempted from all taxes. 4. Settling in the former agricultural villages, in particular related to undertaking agricultural activities, was most often associated with an additional burden of tithing for the sipahi. Departure from pastoralism meant degradation to a group of raya, most often in these villages mixed-agricultural-pastoral management was conducted. Newly settled villages rarely received the status of the vlachian villages, because such status freed residents from additional benefits even in the case of agricultural classes. 5. The flat-rate grazing tax, filuria, in the fifteenth century had a fixed value and equaled 45 akçe, while at the end of the sixteenth century it was different for various Vlachs groups and could range from 60 to 200 akçe.  Considering the fact that additional fees for sheep or tents were liquidated and that the value of employment fell akçe significantly compared to the fifteenth century, the real amount of taxes did not increase, and in some cases it decreased. 6. Not much on the basis of defilers can be said about the language used by the Herzegovina Vlachs. In defeats from the fifteenth century they bear mostly Slavic names, but sometimes there are also names only in the Vlachs: Radu, Bratul, Dabija, the same also applies to local names. 7. Gradually, Islamization processes took place. In the fifteenth century, they are almost invisible among the Vlachs, almost all of them wore Christian names. At the end of the sixteenth century, a significant percentage of Vlachs wore Muslim names. The Islamization process seems to be faster among the Vlachs settled than the Vlachs nomads, but there is no rule.8. In the light of the defters in the area of Herzegovina, there is no difference between Muslims and non-Muslims in burdens to the state, but defters do not include the cizye, or headship, collected from non-Muslims.
8
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The Vlachs – several research problems

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 1
7-16
PL
The aim of this article is to show the inconsistency of terminology, conceptual and substantive research on Vlachs, carried out on different areas of their residence. Seeing the need to clarify the terminology, the author proposes the use of names: “Wallachia”, “Wallachians” only in the sense of the state, in relation to the principalities of Wallachia and its people, and “Vlachia”, “Vlachs” only in the sense of ethno-society or social group. Particular attention was paid to the traps that you will encounter, examining various aspects of the life and activities of the Vlachs. The similarities on the Vlachian Right in contact with different regional conditions led to the formation of a completely new quality ethnic, legal and cultural factors that should be taken consider about conducting research. Only advanced international cooperation and joint research initiatives can yield significant progress in research about Vlachs.
9
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Czy naprawdę były to awantury? Interwencje polskie w Mołdawii w latach 1595-1616

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 2
57-79
EN
This paper was written in connection with the thesis that Polish interventions in Moldavia conducted in the years 1595–1616 were a result of the private policy of first Jan Zamoyski, and later the magnates – sons-in-law of Jeremy Movila. By analyzing the political and legal situation of the hospodars of Moldavia from the Movila dynasty towards the Polish king , I try to prove that all interventions were either completely or unofficially connected with the state policy of the Republic of Poland. The last intervention in the years 1615–1616 was the most controversial one, but the lack of support for it was not due to political reasons, but to personal ones.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł powstał w związku z ciągle obecną i powtarzaną przez badaczy tezą, że polskie interwencje w Mołdawii prowadzone w latach 1595–1616 były rezultatem prywatnej polityki najpierw Jana Zamoyskiego, a później magnatów ‒ zięciów Jeremiego Mohyły. Poprzez analizę sytuacji polityczno-prawnej hospodarów Mołdawii z dynastii Mohyłów wobec króla Polski i jej interpretacji staram się udowodnić, że wszystkie interwencje albo w zupełny, albo w nieoficjalny sposób były powiązane z polityką państwową Rzeczypospolitej. Najbardziej kontrowersyjna była ostatnia interwencja z lat 1615–1616, jednak brak poparcia dla niej nie wynikał z przyczyn politycznych, lecz personalnych.
10
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Obszar zamieszkiwania, status prawny i kierunki aktywności gospodarczej Wołochów/Vlachów w średniowieczu i epoce wczesnonowożytnej

100%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 1
7-34
EN
This article is devoted to the scope of Vlach settlement, Vlach law and its functioning, as well as the socio-economic role of the Vlachs in Central European and Balkan areas. The source material at our disposal does not allow us to define any clear direction for the expansion of the Vlachs as an ethnos, especially since it evolved very quickly in some areas, but undoubtedly, when the Vlachs appear in the sources, their presence is possible to be traced from the Chalkidiki Peninsula to the Carpathians. By observing the functioning of the Vlach law, we can observe a similar development in the entire territory where it was applied, including the countries of Western European and Byzantine-Orthodox tradition, or the Ottoman Empire. Also the evolution of this law was similar and occurred at a similar time. We can observe the following stages of this evolution:1. till 14th century: shaping the social and self-government system of Vlach communities2. 14th –16th centuries: settlement processes and intensive colonization under the Vlach law3. 16th –18th centuries: taking up agricultural activities by some Vlachs and their loss of the Vlach law4. 15th –18th centuries: using the principles of Vlach law to build the legal status of Military Borderlands5. 14th –18th centuries: accession of knez, voivodes and primićurs to the nobility or the timariot classVlachs, despite their seemingly primitive way of life and management, played an important civilizational role, enabling the economic use of hard-to-reach and dangerous areas. 
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony będzie kwestii zasięgu osadnictwa wołoskiego, prawa wołoskiego i jego funkcjonowania oraz społeczno-gospodarczej roli środkowoeuropejskich i bałkańskich Vlachów. Materiał źródłowy, jakim dysponujemy, nie pozwala nam wytyczyć jakiegoś wyraźnego kierunku ekspansji Wołochów jako etnosu, zwłaszcza że na niektórych terenach ewoluował on bardzo szybko, niewątpliwie jednak w momencie, gdy w źródłach się pojawiają, widoczni są od Półwyspu Chalkidiki po Karpaty. Obserwując funkcjonowanie prawa wołoskiego możemy zaobserwować podobny jego rozwój na całym terenie, na którym było ono stosowane, niezależnie od tego, czy były to państwa o tradycji zachodnioeuropejskiej, bizantyńsko-prawosławnej, czy Imperium Osmańskie. Także ewolucja tego prawa przebiegała podobnie i w podobnym czasie. Możemy zaobserwować następujące etapy tej ewolucji: 1. do XIV wieku kształtowanie się systemu społecznego i samorządowego wspólnot wołoskich 2. wiek XIV–XVI: procesy osadnicze i intensywna kolonizacja na prawie wołoskim 3. wiek XVI–XVIII: podejmowanie przez część Vlachów zajęć rolniczych i utrata przez nich prawa wołoskiego 4. wiek XV–XVIII: wykorzystanie zasad prawa wołoskiego do budowy statusu prawnego Pograniczy Wojskowych 5. wiek XIV–XVIII: przechodzenie knezów, wojewodów i primićurów do stanu szlacheckiego lub warstwy timariotów. Wołosi, mimo pozornie prymitywnego sposobu życia i gospodarowania odegrali ważną rolę cywilizacyjną, umożliwiając wykorzystanie gospodarcze trudno dostępnych i niebezpiecznych terenów. 
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Introduction

63%
Czamańska I., Diaconescu M.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2015
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vol. 22
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issue 1
5-5
PL
The importance of the Vlachs in European culture remained unnoticed for many years. They were considered a small group of Romanised shepherds, and not a very highly developed culture, with not a great importance for the development of civilization. The specificity of the culture of the Vlachs, primarily due to its folkloristic character, wasn’t understood or appreciated. It was not realized that the management of the herds in the mountains required big skills and knowledge, and that Vlachs played an important role in the dissemination of the shepherd culture. Only recently the role of the Vlach law in shaping the social and military system of the late medieval and the early modern societies is being recognized. The role of the Vlach agent, as an important element in the formation of nationality, particularly in the Balkans, is also beginning to be perceived. Only recently it started being noticed that the Vlachs, are not just this group which has preserved its Romance language, but also numerous groups which assimilated long ago, preserving a greater or lesser extent, their traditional culture. The characteristic treatment of the Vlach population, except this part which evolved into the Romanian nation, consisted in its ease of coexistence with other ethnic groups and cultures. The Vlachs were mostly a non-state nation, and it contributed largely to the fact that their history and cultural characteristics are, after all, fairly poorly understood. Therefore, there is a great need for a new extensive research undertaken in international cooperation and for the publication of the results of these studies. For this purpose, the international research project Vlachs in European and Polish cultural area. Migration - settlement - cultural heritage has been launched. However, before the project was qualified to be financed, two institutes: the Institute of History of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan and The Faculty of History at the University of Bucharest have taken a joint initiative of annual meetings of researchers on the Vlachs and the publishing series that would became space both for the publication of materials, as well as a discussion forum. The result of this initiative was a conference organized jointly in October last year in Bucharest. The next step is the joint publication of the Ius Valachicum, whose first volume we put into the hands of readers.
12
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Jerzy Hauziński (1946–2020)

44%
Czamańska I.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2020
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vol. 27
263-264
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