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The Differences between Kant's Ideas of Virtues in the 'Methaphisics of Morality' and the Understanding od Virtues in the Chosen Works of Alasdair MacIntyre.

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Piekarski R.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2008

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vol. 11

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issue 1(38)

9-38

EN

Kant deals with the issue of virtue in the context of the relationship between law and morality. Yet, traditional, for instance Aristotelian virtue ethics was constructed in contrast to law, not so much as its complement but rather as something higher, something equivalent to the natural law of the Bible and Stoicism. Kant is accomplishing an important task when he meticulously distinguishes law and morals and all the more so when he attributes more urgency to that moral minimum constituting the morality of law. But he is probably wrong when he locates the main and irreplaceable sources of order in the human world in the strictiy legislative power of reason. In general it could seem that the (probably Rousseauan) idea of moral legislation falls into a kind of sterility. Mclntyre in his works on virtue suggests that it is an error to overlook community-related conditions shaping every human person, endowing human beings with certain virtues of character and enabling them to inherit customs, and thereby growing in wisdom. We reach advanced intelectual autonomy, practical wisdom on a roundabout way - due to the long-lasting support of our neighbours and relatives, friends and acquaintances, compatriots and felilow citizens and last but not least by all human-beings and citizens of the world. The rationality which the human person reaches in the end is rather imperfect, discontinuous, related te the flesh and immediate surroundings, frail and finite. This rationality is a debt to our benefactors teachers and friends which we shall never be able to pay back.

2

Leo Strauss and his Critics of Democracy

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Piekarski R.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2007

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vol. 10

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issue 1(34)

9-17

EN

Strauss views modern mass democracy in its relation to mass culture. He sees his own concept of liberal education, viable also in the modern times, as an opposition to mass culture. This education is rooted in the aristocratic antique republicanism. Virtually every politics remains suspicious to philosophy and does not freely accept its own true image. Political philosophy, in Strauss opinion, sometimes has got to avoid persecution using 'noble lies' or hiding some of its findings. Modern democracies are bound to promote instrumental and material values and modern open society according to Strauss is prone to self-destructing relativism. Strauss noted that commercial republics unofficially repress and discriminate people and groups representing strong beliefs and treating high values as objective values. The ideas that all the points of view are equal and that in the light of egalitarian conformism any visible lack of democracy is immoral to Strauss were dangerous illusions. In the opinion of the American philosopher of politics the victory of democracy may not be final, nevertheless it is sure that a man can be really free only if he tries to be brave.

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Europe versus Globalization. What Kind of Future International Instittutions Should Europe Promote and Support?

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Piekarski R.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2008

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vol. 11

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issue 2(39)

17-28

EN

The arricle discusses new political and institutional implications of globalization in the light of various ideas and concepts. The author tries to find new context to the old ideas such as eternal peace or effectwe parliament for the world.

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3 Pieniądze i Więź

2 2008

1 2007

3 Piekarski R.

The Differences between Kant's Ideas of Virtues in the 'Methaphisics of Morality' and the Understanding od Virtues in the Chosen Works of Alasdair MacIntyre.

Leo Strauss and his Critics of Democracy

Europe versus Globalization. What Kind of Future International Instittutions Should Europe Promote and Support?