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CZEGO UCZĄ PORADNIKI DLA IMIGRANTÓW? OBRAZ POLSKIEJ RELIGIJNOŚCI ORAZ RELACJI GENDEROWYCH W INFORMATORACH DLA CUDZOZIEMCÓW / WHAT DO GUIDES FOR IMMIGRANTS TEACH? POLISH RELIGIOSITY AND GENDER RELATIONS IN INFORMATION FOR FOREIGNERS

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Andrejuk K.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2013
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vol. 57
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issue 3
185-202
EN
The author undertakes to analyse the integration discourse contained in guides for immigrants published in Poland. She concentrates on two major aspects: first, on the portrayal of Polish religiosity, and second, on descriptions of gender relations andthe social roles of men and women. Information booklets for foreigners are intended to educate foreigners about life in their new country. Theymay also be read as a self-portrait of the receiving society, defining its key values and preferred integration methods. In the case of the guides under analysis here, the Europeanization of the discourse on integration and foreigners is clear: they create an opposition between European values and models and those of non-European cultures. In the sphere of gender relations, the guides propagate equal rights, and the egalitarian vision of the receiving society is contrasted with the images of the non-egalitarian sending countries. In the sphere of religiosity, one of the guides in particular portrays Polish life as being imbued with the influence of Christianity.
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POLISH STUDENTS AT LONDON UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE POLISH DIASPORA IN THE UK

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Andrejuk K.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2011
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vol. 37
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issue 1(139)
291-307
EN
Integration of the European Union has modified the traditional understanding of the notion of “migration”. As Adrian Favell puts it, currently - after the EU enlargement - migration from the Eastern European to the Western European states takes 2 forms: one is traditional immigration into European nation-states; the other one is “elite migration” of the EU citizens whose career strategies are cosmopolitan and post-national. Educational migration may be described as the second form; students are moving temporarily and they are open to decisions to further migrate. It is interesting to examine the links between these two types of migration; I will do this on the example of the Polish society in the UK, where both the labour migration and the educational migration has significantly increased after the Poland’s accession to the EU. My study is based on in-depth interviews, followed by a short questionnaire. The query took place in London in the academic year 2009/10 and included students and graduates of the four London universities: Westminster, Metropolitan, City University and colleges of University of London. In addition, I pay attention to government reports and statistic surveys.
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NARODOWA INTEGRACJA CZY EUROPEIZACJA? STRATEGIE OSOBISTE I ZAWODOWE IMIGRANTÓW EDUKACYJNYCH W PAŃSTWACH UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ

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Andrejuk K.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2011
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vol. 37
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issue 2(140)
148-166
EN
The article describes the main directions and reasons for educational migration in Europe as well as the Europeanization of the educational strategies of the young Poles. Those strategies are beginning to resemble the behavioural patterns of their peers from other EU countries. Nowadays, it is becoming more and more common for the Poles to take up studies abroad. The text provides an analysis of the official data about educational migration in various EU countries and a description of the author’s own research among Polish students in London based on participating observation, interviews and questionnaires. Official data about educational migration in the EU indicate that students often take up university studies in the states which share a border with the sending country. In consequence, they can keep being mobile and frequently change their place of residence. They increase their chances in the labour markets of both countries and they do not make hasty assumptions as to their country of settlement. Moreover, the analysis of the Poles studying in London indicates that educational migrants are prepared to look for a job not only in the sending country and the country of university study, but also in other European countries. The migrants educated abroad can apply for more attractive jobs in Europe, and thus they are better prepared and more prone to Europeanization or to making proper use of the EU rights connected with free movement of persons, services and capital. Their career perspectives are not limited to the sending country and the country of university study, but include also vocational projects in other EU countries. The example of the Poles in London shows that educational migrants constitute a special group, different from labour migrants. They can speak several foreign languages and have had migration experience even before taking up university studies. They are either children of multinational marriages or are in relationship with foreigners.
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Migracja lekarzy czy migracja, aby zostać lekarzem? Kraje pochodzenia i trajektorie kariery cudzoziemskiej kadry medycznej w Polsce

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Andrejuk K.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2015
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vol. 41
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issue 1 (155)
133-160
EN
The article describes vocational trajectories of migrant doctors who work in Poland. A typology of careers is introduced. It encompasses three models: migrants who graduate from Polish medical schools, migrants from third (non-EU) countries who come to work in Poland after graduation, an “intra-European” migrants, who benefit from the free movement of workers and services in the European Union. The statistical part situates the discussed issues in the macro-sociological context, demonstrating the main countries of origin, countries of medical education and frequency of naturalization. The qualitative study focuses on a description of individual motivations for migration and work in Poland. The study indicates that in the case of labor migration the reasons for international mobility include (also) non-economic, cultural factors, for example reluctance to work in the grey market in the sending country, where low official income is compensated by bribes.
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O zjawisku europeizacji jako tworzeniu ponowoczesnego [recenzja:] Ulrich Beck i Edgar Grande: Europa kosmopolityczna. Społeczeństwo i polityka w drugiej nowoczesności. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar 2009, 450 s.

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Andrejuk K.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2011
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issue 2(201)
225-230
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Bycie imigrantką jako zasób i jako bariera. Prowadzenie działalności gospodarczej w Polsce w narracjach imigrantek z krajów byłego ZSRR

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Andrejuk K.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2015
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issue 1(216)
229-258
PL
Celem tekstu jest analiza procesu uwłasnowolnienia imigrantek zakładających własne firmy. Pierwsza część artykułu omawia dotychczasowe badania dotyczące przedsiębiorczości imigrantek. W drugiej części przedstawione jest własne badanie, oparte na pogłębionych wywiadach z wysoko wykwalifikowanymi imigrantkami z państw byłego Związku Radzieckiego prowadzącymi działalność gospodarczą. Imigrantki w rozwijanych biznesach na wiele sposobów wykorzystują zasoby sieci migracyjnych oraz swoje kompetencje kulturowe i międzykulturowe, co wpływa na bazę kontrahentów, relacje wewnątrz firmy, a także wybierane branże w których zakładane są przedsiębiorstwa. Swoje dokonania wiążą z potrzebą niezależności i osobistego rozwoju. Wpisane w biografie cudzoziemców doświadczenia migracyjne i transnarodowe, które w pierwszych latach pobytu mogą zamykać dostęp do atrakcyjnych segmentów rynku pracy, po przezwyciężeniu trudności adaptacyjnych stają się ważnym zasobem, który może być wykorzystywany do umocnienia pozycji ekonomicznej imigrantek.
EN
The text aims to analyze the process of empowerment of immigrant women who set up and develop their own business activities. The first part of the article discusses current research concerning female immigrant entrepreneurship. Five main threads are distinguished: women migrants’ enterprises as a manifestation of emancipation and self-realization, self-employment as a result of double discrimination, the phenomenon of “hidden” female entrepreneurship, the feminized profile of some labour market niches and the problem of reconciling professional activities and family life. The second part of the text intends to relate these findings to the description of activities of immigrant entrepreneurs in Poland. The research presented consists of qualitative interviews with highly-qualified migrant women from post-Soviet states who run their own business. Their firms operate in transnational spaces; immigrants take advantage of the resources of migrant networks, their own cultural background and inter-cultural competences, which influence the base of contractors, relations with employers and coworkers, as well as the locations where the businesses is established and developed. The women associate their achievements with the need for independence and personal development.
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Prawne i etyczne aspekty archiwizacji badań socjologicznych

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Andrejuk K.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2014
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issue 3(214)
203–220
PL
Tematem artykułu są obowiązki i uprawnienia natury prawnej oraz etycznej, związane z realizacją oraz z archiwizacją badań społecznych (zarówno ilościowych, jak i jakościowych). Tekst analizuje i interpretuje przepisy zawarte w ustawie o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych oraz w ustawie o ochronie danych osobowych. Wyznaczają one sposób pracy badaczy społecznych i jednostek archiwizujących surowe dane z badań, określają też uprawnienia badaczy i uczestników badań. Artykuł porównuje wymagania nakładane przez ustawy i Kodeks Etyki Socjologa, zwracając uwagę na różnice między nimi i konstatując, że ten ostatni typ regulacji wyznacza w niektórych aspektach wyższe standardy działania naukowców.
EN
The subject of this article are obligations and rights defined in the legal and ethical dimension, associated with the conducting and archiving sociological research data (both qualitative and quantitative). The text contains the analysis and interpretation of the binding provisions from the Act of the Protection of Personal Data and the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act. These regulations define the way of conducting sociological research and archiving its results. They also outline entitlements of researchers and participants of the research. The article also compares the provisions and standards imposed by the legal acts and the Ethical Code of a Sociologist, emphasizing the differences between the two orders and ascertaining that the latter type of regulations imposes higher requirements, at least in some aspects.
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Przeciwdziałanie skutkom bezrobocia ludności napływowej jako wymiar polityki integracyjnej Polski

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Andrejuk K.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2018
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vol. 80
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issue 3
121-135
EN
The article analyses the legal regulations concerning unemployment benefits for immigrants and presents them as an element of the policy aimed at integrating immigrants in Poland. The access to instruments counteracting the effects of losing employment varies significantly among particular categories of foreigners. The most extensive rights (equal to the rights of Polish citizens) are granted to immigrants with a permanent residence permit and long-term residents of the EU, forced immigrants and migrants from the EU/EFTA member states. However, the heterogeneity of these categories and the variety of grounds for obtaining residence permits lead to the conclusion that the integration policy underlying the regulations for individual groups is characterised by different assumptions and objectives. In the case of  permanent immigrants, the assumption of the integration policy is to provide access to the institutions of the welfare state to those whose centre of life interests in Poland is permanently connected with the Polish labour market and the social security system. In the case of forced immigrants, the grounds underlying a policy of providing access to services are humanitarian reasons. The acceptance of these immigrants to the territory of the Republic of Poland is of a charitable nature and cannot be seen in terms of the calculation of financial profits and losses. On the other hand, the shaping of integration policy with regard to access to social benefits for migrants from EU/EFTA member states is a consequence of the need to comply with the EU’s laws, mainly to ensure smooth implementation of the principle of the free movement of workers. However, the largest category of immigrants in Poland are short-term immigrants who come to Poland with a seasonal work permit in combination with a system of declarations and who are not covered by the unemployment protection system, and who are expected to leave the country following the completion of work.
PL
Artykuł analizuje regulacje prawne dotyczące świadczeń dla imigrantów z tytułu bezrobocia, ukazując je jako element polityki integracji imigrantów w Polsce. Poszczególne kategorie cudzoziemców mają bardzo zróżnicowany dostęp do instrumentów przeciwdziałania skutkom utraty zatrudnienia. Najszersze uprawnienia (zrównane z prawami obywateli polskich) mają imigranci z zezwoleniem na pobyt stały i rezydenci długoterminowi UE, imigranci przymusowi oraz imigranci z państw UE/ EFTA. Heterogeniczność tych kategorii, różnorodność podstaw uzyskiwania praw pobytowych skłania jednak do wniosku, że polityka integracji leżąca u podłoża przepisów wobec poszczególnych grup charakteryzuje się różnymi założeniami i celami. W przypadku imigrantów permanentnych założeniem polityki integracji jest zapewnienie dostępu do instytucji państwa dobrobytu osobom, które w Polsce mają ośrodek interesów życiowych, są trwale powiązane z polskim rynkiem pracy i systemem zabezpieczeń społecznych. W przypadku imigrantów przymusowych uzasadnieniem polityki umożliwiającej dostęp do świadczeń są względy humanitarne. Przyjęcie takich osób na terytorium RP ma charakter charytatywny i nie może być postrzegane w kategoriach kalkulacji finansowych zysków i strat. Z kolei ukształtowanie polityki integracyjnej w zakresie dostępu do świadczeń społecznych imigrantów z państw UE/ EFTA wynika z konieczności przestrzegania porządku unijnego, w szczególności zapewnienia bezproblemowej realizacji zasady swobodnego przepływu pracowników. Najliczniejszą kategorią imigrantów w Polsce są jednak imigranci krótkoterminowi przybywający w ramach zezwoleń na pracę sezonowa oraz systemu oświadczeń, którzy nie są włączeni do systemu ochrony przed bezrobociem oraz od których oczekuje się wyjazdu po wykonaniu pracy.
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Imigranci tureccy w Polsce. Percepcja różnic kulturowych w procesie adaptacji na rynku pracy

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Andrejuk K.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2020
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vol. 64
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issue 1
149-167
PL
This article is about immigrants’ perceptions of their host society and cultural differences. The analysis is based on twenty in-depth interviews conducted in 2018 with persons from Turkey working in Poland. Their narratives are a rich source of information about the challenges of the integration process and about the opportunities and dilemmas of ethnically and religiously diverse groups in Polish society, which is becoming increasingly multicultural. The respondents pointed to the recent noticeable deterioration in the attitude of Poles toward foreigners in general, which translates into more negative attitudes toward Turks. The cultural differences most commonly noticed related to work culture and working conditions. Although Poland’s fairly large ethnic uniformity was mostly declared to be a hindrance in the adaptation process, some immigrants saw it as strengthening social cohesion and facilitating adaptation to life in the new country. In defining the cultural differences and expectations of the host society, the foreigners became more aware of the values, practices, and attitudes with which they had become acquainted. Some interviewees did not define the differences they observed as traits of the sending or receiving society but rather “de-nationalized” the differences and referred to other categories of diversity, for example, of a class nature.
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Strategizing Integration in the Labor Market. Turkish Immigrants in Poland and the New Dimensions of South-to-North Migration

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Andrejuk K.
Polish Sociological Review
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2019
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vol. 206
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issue 2
157-176
EN
The aim of this article is to examine the specific nature of the mobility patterns and labor market integration of the Turkish community in Poland, and to situate those phenomena in the broader context of migration from Turkey to northern Europe. Migration from Turkey to Poland is much newer than migration from Turkey to Western European states but has grown dynamically in the past decade. These migration flows are distinct from those inside the EU or from post-Soviet European countries such as Ukraine or Belarus to Poland. The article distinguishes three occupational trajectories that are typical for Turkish migrants in Poland. These paths are characterized by the various social environments in which they develop: the host society, the ethnic community, and the international (expat) community. Analysis reveals the great importance of co-ethnic networks, which play an even more crucial role because Turkish mobility to Poland is not supported by the state policies of either the sending or receiving country. The article refers to data from an original qualitative study (in-depth interviews) as well as to official statistical data from various sources
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Znaczenie polskiej sfery welfare dla imigrantów. Opinie i praktyki ludności napływowej z wybranych krajów europejskich

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Andrejuk K.
Studia BAS
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2017
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issue 2(50)
107-128
EN
In order to explain attitudes towards the Polish welfare system the author analyses the statistical data and in-depth interviews with foreigners living in Poland. The topics discussed included, inter alia, health care, education, invalidity and old-age pension, and safeguards against poverty. The article begins by presenting the methodology and the legal framework. The second section describes experience of Ukrainian labour migrants with the Polish welfare with particular attention given to the practices they apply and, as well as comparison between Polish and Ukrainian welfare systems. Next, the experience of citizens of western EU member states is described.
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Imigranci wietnamscy w Polsce – dynamika przemian społeczności według urzędowych danych statystycznych

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Andrejuk K.
Studia BAS
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2019
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issue 4(60)
143-161
EN
The paper looks at the selected issues related to the Vietnamese community in Poland. The author presents a brief history of migration from Vietnam to Poland, the current status of the research on Vietnamese minority and migration patterns of Vietnamese people. Next, she discusses characteristics of Vietnamese community in Poland on the basis of official statistical data. Particular attention is given to the size and distribution of the community, occupational careers and position in the labour market.
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Welfare Considerations in Migration Decision-Making through a Life-Course Approach: A Qualitative Study of Spanish EU-Movers

45%
Andrejuk K., Godin M., Jolivet D., Pereira S., Van Mol C.
Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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2021
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vol. 10
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issue 2
93-110
EN
The welfare aspects of intra-European migration remain an important and controversial topic of academic and political debates. These discussions touch upon the classical ‘welfare magnet’ or ‘welfare tourism’ hypothesis. Transcending the politicised concept of ‘benefit tourism’, our paper examines how welfare-state considerations in relation to migration decisions vary across the life course. Relying on micro-level qualitative research focusing on Spanish intra-EU movers, the paper probes deeper into how individuals perceive welfare systems, analysing the subtle and nuanced meanings of different aspects of the welfare for their migration decisions. We focus more specifically on welfare provisions in terms of health care, compulsory education, child support and other care responsibilities, unemployment and pensions and retirement. Our research indicates that, in studies on the migration–welfare nexus, it is necessary to move beyond the current narrow focus on the welfare magnet hypothesis and to examine how diverse welfare arrangements continuously and dynamically set the context for migration decisions at various stages of an individual’s life. The results of our research show how features of the Spanish welfare system, in comparison to those of potential destination countries, might act as both a trigger and/or a barrier to migration. As such, we get a ‘thicker description’ of the role which welfare might play in shaping individuals’ eventual migratory aspirations and decisions.
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