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Romni, rom a nauka

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Jakoubek M.
Studia Romologica
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2014
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vol. 7
39-51
EN
Literature published by experts in Romani studies contains contradictory state¬ments when it comes to exploring the nature of the Romani family: some authors claim that the Romani family is a patriarchal formation; others maintain that it is a matriarchal one. I am convinced that these (apparently) contradictory facts can be explained for example with help of the concept of cultural themes and counter-themes, as defined by Morris Opler. Opler criticises configurationism, which claims that every culture is dominated by a certain principal pattern that integrates it and defines its unique direction. In his criticism, he draws upon the pre-supposition that there is not one exclusive do¬minant organisational principle in a culture determining its overall character, but a whole series of mutually interconnected norms and regulations – cultural themes, which control and determine the behaviour of the community’s members. In order to prevent a one-sided deflection of a cultural system caused by pre-dominance of a certain theme, some themes are balanced by their counter-themes which function as their restrictive factors. And it is the interplay of the theme and counter-theme that makes a culture balanced; the intrinsic organisation of the culture is given by their mutual relation and equilibrium. The depicted scheme of interpretation can be employed to explain the afore-men¬tioned facts concerning the position of men and women in the traditional Romani culture. In this culture, the cultural theme of male dominance is balanced by the counter-theme of a strong position of the mother (and possibly by the institute of phuri daj) which prevents the theme of male dominance from becoming too accen¬tuated and thus dangerous for the equilibrium and integrity of the given culture. So, the position of the mother weakens the influence of male dominance and ensures that this dominance does not prevail in the traditional Romani culture as a unique element. Their interconnection and ”harmony” thus preserve the integrity of the system of the traditional Romani culture and contribute to its dynamic balance. The presented explanation also illuminates why one comes across contradictory statements in literature thematising the position of men and women in the traditio¬nal Romani culture. It shows that the contradiction is not to be considered a mista¬ke, but that it indicates the existence of actual phenomena, both of which can be explored but which only make sense when their correlation is taken into account and when a suitable interpretative tool is employed.
2
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Zastavení nad vztahem kultury, víry a konfese u vojvodovských Čechů

100%
Jakoubek M.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2013
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vol. 99
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issue 3-4
371-384
EN
The text represents another contribution in the series of articles on Vojvodovo, the Czech village in Bulgaria, published in recent years. The author attempts to answer the question in his analysis why so many Vojvodovo Czech Protestants chose as their marriage partners inhabitants of a nearby village of Bărdarski Geran, both Banat Bulgarians (Paulicians) and Banat Swabians. In both villages religion was perhaps the most important organizational principle, religious endogamy being one of its main rules. One would expect absence of intermarriage between Vojvodovo and Bărdarski Geran for this reason; the opposite, however, was the case. The author shows that the reason why members of both communities felt a kind of mutual affinity was culture, as both groups shared many cultural traits. One of these cultural traits was deep and genuine religiosity, perhaps better expressed as belief. So, although at first sight religiosity (in the form of their creeds) would seem to prevent any closer contacts developing between the two communities, it actually is religiosity (as belief) that stands behind the surprising and unexpected number of marriages that took place between members of the two local communities.
3
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O jedné zapomenuté cikánské národopisné skice: J. Vlach a jeho Cikáni

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Jakoubek M.
Studia Ethnologica Pragensia
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2015
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issue 2
13-24
EN
Jaroslav Vlach was a teacher at a secondary grammar school in the Prague quarter of Smíchov. His field of expertise was history and geography and as a teacher he taught subjects on these topics. As was common in those days, J. Vlach followed contemporary Czech and foreign publications and discussions in his field. He himself was a prolific author, too. Apart from his writings connected directly to his profession, his works were mostly related to (geographically oriented) ethnography in a very wide scope. The study we present is a part of Vlach’s work People of Europe (Národové evropští), published in 1908. Vlach’s historical-ethnographical study contains a huge sum of information of various categories. It covers topics of history, ethnography, or religiosity, and a sociologist or political scientists would not be disappointed, either. Nevertheless, our aim is not to analyze Vlach’s text; by publishing this edition we want primarily to remind this forgotten study and make it available to other scholars, and to enable them to make use of Vlach’s text in their work. We are convinced that this already more than one hundred years old study is worth it.
4
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Strukturální analýza romské religiozity na příkladu rituální praktiky "přísahy u kříže"

63%
Jakoubek M., Budilová L.
Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)
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2014
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vol. 1
71-80
EN
The following text is based on the outcomes of a long-term field research carried out in eastern Slovakia, and it focuses on the character and specifics of religiosity of the Romany settlements inhabitants. One of the characteristic features of this religiosity is the fact that its core is still based on magical practices while Christianity only covers it on the surface. We will attempt to document this feature by examining a particular example of a chosen institution, this institution being the ritual procedure of the oath at the cross. Even though this practice is commonly known and frequently mentioned in literature, we are of the opinion that most references have so far been of the character of a mere record without an attempt to comprehend its inner nature. Thus, our objective is to explore the intrinsic logic of this institution, which may moreover be helpful in terms of illuminating the whole of the religious system of the Romany settlements inhabitants because in many aspects it may be treated as a model example of a magical procedure concealed under the garb of Christianity. Consequently, this concrete consideration may be generally valid on the structural level.
5
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ROMOVÉ, ČESKOSLOVENSKO A TRANSNACIONALISMUS

63%
Budilová L. J., Jakoubek M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2014
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vol. 46
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issue 5
487 – 503
EN
The fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe and the emergence of two independent states – the Czech and Slovak Republics – brought wide-ranging changes in how inhabitants' identity is perceived in these states. The division of Czechoslovakia established new borders, which, nevertheless, did not have any strong effects, either on migratory movements between the newly founded states, or on the perception of group identity for some of the Roma/Gypsy groups in these countries. The EU integration process in recent years has brought about new opportunities – movements of people, job opportunities and more intensive labour migrations. We discuss the problem of identity of aparticular Roma/Gypsy group and the effect that recent social and political changes have had on their perception of who they are. The core of our investigation concerns questions of identity (local identity, kinship identity, state identity, European identity or a trans-national Roma identity?). We will discuss interrelationships between various strata of identities and the extent to which these relationships are influenced by the contemporary processes of EU integration.
6
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Religiozita Cikánů v ČR: Konceptuálně-metodologické poznámky

63%
Budilová L., Jakoubek M.
Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)
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2011
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vol. 98
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issue 4
359-378
EN
The goal of the text is to sum up the existing works on religion and religiosity of the Gypsies in the Czech Republic and, to a certain extent, also in the Slovak Republic. We summarize the tendencies to be found in the academic texts on this topic and propose the positive way for the future studies and texts, which consists in the clear definition of the subject matter, and explicit use of the conceptual tools and theories.
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Dynamika tozsamości – pokrewienstwo, miejsce, panstwo. Przyklad Romow/Cyganow na ziemiach bylej Czechoslowacji

63%
Budilova L., Jakoubek M.
Studia Romologica
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2012
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vol. 5
97-112
EN
The fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe and the emergence of the two independent states – the Czech and the Slovak Republic – brought wide-ranging changes in perceiving of identity of the inhabitants of these states. The division of the former Czechoslovakia established new borders, which, nevertheless, did not have any strong effects neither on the migratory movements between the newly founded states, nor on the perceiving of the group identity of some of the Roma/Gypsy groups in respective countries. The EU integration process in the last years brought about new opportunities – movements of people, job opportunities and more intensive labour migrations. We would like to discuss the problem of identity of a Roma/Gypsy group studied and the effect that the social and political changes that have appeared in the last 20 years had on their perceiving of who they are. The core of our investigation concerns the questions of identity (local identity, kinship identity, state identity, European identity or a trans-national Roma identity?). We will discuss interrelationships between various strata of identities and the extent to which these relationships are influenced by the contemporary processes of EU integration.
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