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1

Individual differences in the efficiency of short-term memory scanning

100%
Szymura B., Jagielski M.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2007
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vol. 38
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issue 2
69-78
EN
The research presented in this paper concerned the effects of activation level on the short-term memory (STM) scanning. It was assumed that the efficiency of STM scanning would vary between participants with low and those with high momentary activation (energetic arousal and tense arousal) as well as between participants manifesting low indices versus those with high indices of constitutional arousal (PEN range of extraversion/introversion and neuroticism). The tested individuals (N=70) were participant to the computerized memory TURBO Sternberg's test twice. Their task was to memorize a successively presented set of digits and then to ascertain whether a separately presented control digit belonged to the previously shown set of stimuli. A relationship was noticed between extraversion and the efficiency of STM scanning. Also some relationships between momentary activation and efficiency of short-term memory were observed. These results suggested the existence of multiple sources of activation determinants in cognitive functioning and their reciprocally modifying effect on selected sub-factors of the cognitive system.
2

WHEN FANS PAY ATTENTION TO THE EXTERNAL GROUND ADVERTISING? ON THE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF ADVERTISING PRESENTATION DURING SPORT EVENTS

100%
Horbaczewski T., Szymura B.
Psychological Studies
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2005
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vol. 43
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issue 2
47-58
EN
The main aim of presented studies was to examine some cognitive determinants of efficacy of external advertising. The subjects watched the short video film consisting of several spots of football games. They were supposed to remember as much details from this presentation as they could. Expected recognition test on football events and unexpected recognition test on advertisings that appeared behind the goals were administered to the subjects shortly after video presentation. The strong familiarity of advertised company names effect was obtained. The subjects recognized significantly better the advertisings of companies well known in Poland if only these advertisings included logo or they were presented in distinct motion. The distinct color of advertising presentation had no impact on efficacy of advertising recognition. Results are summarized in the form of four rules of construction of efficacious external advertising.
3

THE ROLE OF A COLOUR AS A BASIC DIMENSION IN VISUAL SEARCH

100%
Slabosz A., Szymura B.
Psychological Studies
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2004
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vol. 42
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issue 1
37-46
EN
The data revealed from visual searching paradigm shows that search for simple targets is automatic and parallel, whereas search for conjunctive targets is attentive and serial. The present study aimed at investigation whether color makes conjunctive search more efficient than it is predicted on a basis of serial models of conjunctive search. In a visual search task subjects (N = 50) searched for targets defined by one, two, three or four features. Target-nontarget similarity was controlled and set size was varied. Simple objects were defined by shape, whereas color and a set of features differentiating shapes defined complex objects. Regardless of the number of features defining objects, conjunctive targets were searched for more quickly than objects defined by single feature. Thus, the search for conjunctive objects was conducted much more effectively than it would be predicted on a basis of serial models of visual search.
4

UNITARY ATTENTION: REACTIVATION

100%
Szymura B., Necka E.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
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vol. 42
|
issue 1
47-56
EN
The question whether attention is a unitary concept or not is still unanswered. Allport suggested possibility of autonomic modules of attentional system, whereas Kahneman postulated mechanism of attentional distribution of common mental energy resources. In three independent experiments (N = 59, N = 62, N = 102) three models of attentional control was tested: unitary model (controled processing), partial model (autonomic processing) and mixed model (controled processing on the global level and autonomic processing on the local level). Three version of the DIVA test of selective and divided attention was employed. The test versions differed in task difficulty. The divided attention costs were observed in each study. However, the type of attentional control depended on task difficulty. Unitary and mixed models were confirmed, whereas it appeared impossible to test partial model due to relative difficulty of each used version of the DIVA test. Attention seems to be not only unitary system, but also flexible, changing the type of control due to the task difficulty.
5

SENSORY SENSITIVITY AS A DIMENSION OF TEMPERAMENT AND PERCEPTION OF VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULATION

100%
Kantor-Martynuska J., Szymura B.
Psychological Studies
|
2007
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vol. 45
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issue 2
71-84
EN
The study explored the relationship of sensory sensitivity (SS) with the perceived loudness of music and the preferred intensity of visual images. Perceived loudness was studied with the techniques of magnitude production, magnitude estimation, and cross-modal matching. Preferred intensity of visual images was measured in the tasks of emotional, cognitive, and preferential assessment of the visual material. No relationship between SS and the preferred or estimated loudness of music was found. Moreover, SS did not seem related to the absolute auditory threshold. However, preferences for the intensity of the visual stimuli varied as a function of SS. High SS scorers preferred images with less satiated color, unclear contour, and which evoked no illusion of movement. The negative relationship of SS with the preferred intensity of images suggests that low and high SS scorers vary in their need for stimulation. Lack of association of SS with the perceived loudness of music may be due to the fact that the auditory modality is insufficiently represented in the FCB-TI, a questionnaire measure of SS we used. The scale should be revised considering sensitivity to the acoustic stimuli.
6

THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF DISTRACTION ON WORKING MEMORY FUNCTIONING

81%
Pleszczynska I., Stettner Z., Szymura B.
Psychological Studies
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2005
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vol. 43
|
issue 1
75-83
EN
The main aim of presented study was to investigate the influence of distraction on working memory functioning (mainly articulatory loop). It was expected that the results of the experiment would allow us to resolve between two competing models of articulatory loop ('storage' model and 'tape' model). Working memory search task based on Sternberg paradigm was used. Subjects were asked to memorize sets of three-letter words or trigrams that did not have any meaning. In the experimental conditions distractor (either a song or a melody) was introduced. Distraction was effective only in the most difficult conditions of the memory task. There were no differences between two kinds of distraction. Results suggest that both 'storage' and 'tape' models of articulatory loop could be hold, depending on type of material to be memorized.
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