The article has been touched the problem of NEET s in the EU, as a special case of unemployed young people. Presents the etymology of the concept, the probable risk factors of the phenomenon and the social costs to individual entities. Segmentation in the NEET population it’s a significant problem. NEET is a category that contains a variety of subgroups, some of whom are vulnerable and some are not, with very different experiences, characteristics and needs. Heterogeneity of the NEET determine various forms of helping or intervention. The article also included are current proposals to solve the problem of NEETs in the EU.
Zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem i higieną pracy jest częścią obszaru zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi w organizacji, a działania podejmowane na rzecz promowania bezpiecznych zachowań, mieszczące się w obszarze wytycznych dla implementacji praktycznych, są coraz częściej uwzględniane w działaniach organizacjach. Wytyczne te nie mogą mieć charakteru uniwersalnego, muszą odnosić się do specyficznych uwarunkowań danej branży, uwzględniać zarówno kulturowy, jak i środowiskowy wymiar wykonywanych w niej prac. W artykule przedstawiono porównanie oceny klimatu bezpieczeństwa pracy, dokonane przez pracowników (N = 1118) dwóch grupa organizacji, tj. kopalń i przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na zaobserwowanie istotnych różnic w ogólnej ocenie klimatu bezpieczeństwa pracy, jak i składających się na niego wymiarów. Stało się to podstawą do przedstawienia dedykowanych tym organizacjom propozycji implementacji praktycznych na rzecz poprawy bezpieczeństwa pracy poprzez kooperację działań w obszarach ZZL i BHP.
EN
Occupational health and safety management is a part of an organization’s human resource management. Actions taken to promote safety–oriented behavior taking the form of guidelines for practical implementation are incorporated into organizational activities with increasing frequency. Such guidelines can never be universal in character. They must be matched to the specific conditions of a given industry and take into account both the cultural and environmental dimensions of work there. This article presents a comparison of work safety climate assessment by workers (N = 1118) from two groups of organizations—mines and manufacturing plants. The results received made possible the observation of significant differences in overall assessment of work safety climate as well as its component dimensions. This served as a basis for presenting proposals for practical implementations dedicated to those organizations aimed at improving work safety through cooperative action in human resource management and occupational health and safety.
Work is one of the most important human activities, it absorbs the great part of human’s physical, in- tellectual and emotional reserves. Doing the work has main purpose: optimum effort of those reserves should bring the greatest satisfaction and should contribute to achieve the aims. The current dynamics of changes on labor market encourages to explore and to search the elements of human assets manage- ment that have influence on the level of job satisfaction among the employee groups with different ca- reer models. The professions implemented in linear models of careers have become the area of authors’ interest. Studies and research have enabled to present observed differences between the areas of human assets management related to the sense of professional satisfaction in groups of miners with different work experience.
Background Working in high-risk occupations is associated with the feeling of threat and stress. The aim of the research conducted from December 2016 to May 2017 was to examine the relationship between these variables in the group of mine rescuers. It was assumed that the quality of social ties with co-workers would act as a mediator of the assumed relationship. Material and Methods The sample consisted of 232 mine rescuers employed in emergency stations in Poland. The risk assessment at work was determined using Kwestionariusz poczucia zagrożenia w pracy (The Feeling of Threat at Work Questionnaire) by Mamcarz; Kwestionariusz poczucia stresu (The Feeling of Stress Questionnaire) by Plopa and Makarowski was used to study the feeling of stress, and the quality of social ties was measured using Skala więzi społecznych (The Social Ties Scale) by Skarżyńska. Results A negative relationship was observed between the feeling of threat and the level of the experienced stress. The sense of social ties with co-workers acts as a mediator in the relationship between these variables. Conclusions Social ties reduce stress caused by the feeling of threat, and they are also an important factor supporting the coping with negative emotions. The obtained results make it possible to present practical recommendations, aimed mainly at strengthening the adaptation and integration activities in teams carrying out their tasks in hazardous conditions. The authors of the study point out that these activities should concern primarily the following 3 areas: the adaptation of new members of the group, the strengthening of positive relationships in teams, and support in a traumatic situation during convalescence. Med Pr. 2019;70(3):295–304
PL
Wstęp Z wykonywaniem pracy w zawodach wysokiego ryzyka związane są poczucie zagrożenia i stres. Celem badań prowadzonych w grupie ratowników górniczych od grudnia 2016 r. do maja 2017 r. było określenie związku między tymi zmiennymi. Przyjęto, że jakość więzi społecznych ze współpracownikami pełni rolę mediatora zakładanego związku. Materiał i metody Próba liczyła 232 ratowników górniczych zatrudnionych w stacjach ratowniczych na terenie Polski. Zagrożenie w pracy określono za pomocą Kwestionariusza poczucia zagrożenia w pracy Mamcarza, do badania poczucia stresu zastosowano Kwestionariusz poczucia stresu Plopy i Makarowskiego, a pomiar jakości więzi społecznych przeprowadzono za pomocą Skali więzi społecznych Skarżyńskiej. Wyniki Zaobserwowano ujemny związek pomiędzy poczuciem zagrożenia a poziomem odczuwanego stresu. Poczucie więzi społecznych ze współpracownikami pełni rolę mediatora w relacji pomiędzy tymi zmiennymi. Wnioski Więzi społeczne redukują stres wywołany poczuciem zagrożenia i stanowią ważny czynnik wspierający radzenie sobie z negatywnymi emocjami. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają przedstawić praktyczne wytyczne dotyczące przede wszystkim wzmacniania działań adaptacyjnych i integracyjnych w zespołach realizujących zadania w warunkach zagrożenia. Autorki badań zwracają uwagę, że działania te powinny dotyczyć 3 obszarów: adaptacji nowych członków grupy, wzmacniania pozytywnych relacji w zespołach i wsparcia w sytuacji traumatycznej w okresie rekonwalescencji. Med. Pr. 2019;70(3):295–304
The article presents research on the relationship between life orientation and types of social participation of young people in emerging adulthood with declared readiness to entrepreneurial activity. The results indicated a greater willingness to entrepreneurship of men rather than women and of young people coming from families where one parent realizes the type of entrepreneurial career. Also, education in entrepreneurship proved to be an important motivating factor to take this form of professional activity in the future. In the surveyed group of people, the level of transitive orientation was significantly higher than the level of moratorium orientation. Transitive orientation proved to be higher among respondents whose parents work as entrepreneurs. The obtained results confirmed significant, but weak relationship between transitive orientation and declared readiness to entrepreneurship. The greatest willingness to entrepreneurship declare people whose type of social participation is classified as assimilative, while the lowest – those with integrative type.
After its transformation, the labor market has generated new needs towards its participants. Flexibility, acceptance of variability, unpredictability have become its main determinants. The need to adapt to new conditions resulted in changes in the vocational biographies of Poles. The researchers emphasize that nowadays new career models described as boundaryless career and protean career are observed more and more often. The main objective of the research undertaken by the author is to recognize attitudes towards protean career and boundaryless career occurring among the surveyed participants of the current labor market and to determine whether these attitudes are indeed associated with a model vocational functioning (employed person vs. entrepreneur). The article presents the results of research carried out in a group of 505 people. The abovementioned results show significant differences observed in attitudes of entrepreneurs and employed persons towards new models of careers.
Coraz częściej przyjmuje się założenie, iż zadowolenie z pracy ma istotny związek ze specyfiką danego zawodu, z typem i rodzajem wykonywanej pracy. Przedmiotem zainteresowania w prezentowanym artykule są zawody z tzw. misją społeczną. Mają one wspólny element definicyjny związany z niesieniem pomocy innemu człowiekowi, jednocześnie można różnicować je, biorąc pod uwagę m.in. kryterium odmiennych warunków pracy, w których są wykonywane. Praca ratowników górniczych ma charakter zespołowy, a niesienie pomocy pracownikom kopalń zwykle odbywa się w skrajnie niebezpiecznych warunkach. Celem podjętych badań było określenie związku pomiędzy poczuciem misji w zawodzie oraz poczuciem więzi ze współpracownikami a zadowoleniem z pracy w tej grupie zawodowej. Badania pokazały, iż zakładany związek okazał się istotny jedynie w odniesieniu do zmiennej – więzi ze współpracownikami, wskazując na ważność relacji w zespołach ratowniczych dla doświadczania zadowolenia z pracy ich członków.
EN
It is increasingly assumed that job satisfaction is significantly coupled with the specifics of the given profession as well as the category and type of work performed. The subject of interest of the article encompasses professions that have what is known as a social mission. These professions have a common element in their description: providing others with help. At the same time they may be differentiated on the basis of differing working conditions. The work of mine rescuers involves teamwork and providing assistance to miners. It usually takes place in extremely dangerous conditions. The objective of the research was the defining of links among the sense of professional mission, a feeling of attachment to coworkers, and job satisfaction in the professional group. Research indicated that the assumed relations are only significant in the case of the relations with coworkers variable. This indicates the importance of relations in rescue teams, which facilitate the experiencing of job satisfaction by team members.
Security management within an organization is based on several elements, one of which is to create the desired work safety culture. The crucial part of this process is continuous monitoring of safety climate, which is a kind of “barometer” of employees’ feelings of safety within the organization. The article presents research on the safety climate in groups of employees working in opencast and underground mining. The aim of this research was to find the differences in the assessment of safety climate at work that could form the basis for creating appropriate ways to improve safety by finding the best solutions used in these organizations.
In the last century and at the beginning of the current one, we could clearly observe complexity and increasing dynamics of changes in the labor market. It results in the transformations in the area of professional biographies and in models of careers. Among many effects of globalization, both positive and negative, the attention of the researchers is more and more often focused on the transformation in the area of job satisfaction and professional identity of a man. The aim of this article is to present research on the relationship between job satisfaction and a sense of organizational identity in a group of people executing linear careers. The research group consists of employees of the mining industry. The obtained results confirmed the presence of significant relationship between job satisfaction and a sense of organizational identity in the investigated occupational class. Based on the got results, the practical implication were presented.
Background The main purpose of this article was to examine, whether and to what extend an assessment of work environment and feeling of threat are associated with stress at work performed in health- and life-threatening conditions. Previous studies of the determinants of occupational stress have been carried out in relation to representatives of different occupational groups that are not, however, representatives of one organization. The research was also meant to provide practical guidance for a particular employer. Material and Methods The study was carried out in the factory of explosives. It involved 95 randomly selected employees of the production departments. Subjective evaluation of work was performed by the examined persons in the Areas of Worklife Survey. It allows to assess the functioning of the employee in the workplace and to recognize the discrepancies between the requirements of the organization and the needs, aspirations and abilities of the examined person. Feeling of insecurity at work was defined by using the Feeling of Danger at Work Survey. The level of stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Results The workload and feeling of danger are relevant to the stress felt by the employees. The workload is also the mediator of the relations between the sense of danger and the stress felt by the examined employees. Conclusions At the level of manufacturing process management in an organization, there is a need to reduce the negative impact of physical and mental strain associated with haste and uncertainty. Med Pr 2018;69(1):45–58
PL
Wstęp Celem głównym badania było sprawdzenie, czy i w jakich wymiarach ocena środowiska pracy oraz poczucie zagrożenia wiążą się ze stresem odczuwanym w pracy w warunkach zagrożenia zdrowia i życia. Celem drugorzędnym była analiza tego problemu z perspektywy grupy zawodowej zatrudnionej w tej samej organizacji i wypracowanie praktycznych wskazówek dla konkretnego pracodawcy. Materiał i metody Badaniami objęto 95 losowo wybranych pracowników wydziałów produkcyjnych w fabryce materiałów wybuchowych. Subiektywnej oceny pracy dokonano z wykorzystaniem Kwestionariusza Obszary Życia Zawodowego, który pozwala na ocenę funkcjonowania pracownika w środowisku pracy i rozpoznanie niezgodności między wymaganiami organizacji a potrzebami, aspiracjami i możliwościami badanego. Poczucie zagrożenia w pracy określono przy użyciu Kwestionariusza Poczucia Zagrożenia w Pracy, a nasilenie stresu – Skali Odczuwanego Stresu (Perceived Stress Scale – PSS-10). Wyniki Obciążenie pracą i poczucie zagrożenia mają wpływ na stres odczuwany przez pracowników. Obciążenie pracą jest mediatorem relacji między poczuciem zagrożenia a stresem odczuwanym przez badanych. Wnioski Na poziomie zarządzania procesem produkcyjnym w organizacji wskazane jest zmniejszanie negatywnego wpływu obciążenia fizycznego i psychicznego, w tym związanego z pośpiechem i niepewnością. Med. Pr. 2018;69(1):45–58
Background Stress is associated with the performance of high-risk occupations. It can be defined as a set of reactions that results from mismatched working conditions and requirements to capabilities of an employee. People who differently assess these areas of work may experience varying degrees of stress. Material and Methods The total of 128 Border Guard officers took part in the test. A subjective assessment of areas of work was made by using the Areas of Worklife Survey. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used to examine the severity of stress. Results Three groups of examined people, differing significantly in the assessment of all areas of working life, were identified. Affiliation of the examined people to these groups explains 8% of the variability in the severity of stress. The results of the regression analysis allowed to consider the assessments of 3 areas of working life (control, rewards and workload) as important predicators of the severity of stress experienced by officers. The model turned out to be statistically significant, the variables included in the model explain 19% of the variability of the dependent variable. Conclusions The officers who assess the areas of working life differently, differ in terms of severity of the experienced stress. The severity of stress is significantly related to the ability to make independent decisions and to enjoy rewards. The stress experienced by Border Guard officers is mainly related to the assessment of the following areas of work: sense of control, rewards and workload. Med Pr 2018;69(2):199–210
PL
Wstęp Stres jest związany m.in. z wykonywaniem pracy w zawodach wysokiego ryzyka. Można go określić jako zespół reakcji wynikających z niedopasowania warunków i wymagań pracy do możliwości pracownika. Osoby różnie oceniające te obszary pracy mogą w różnym stopniu doświadczać stresu. Materiał i metody Próba badawcza liczyła 128 funkcjonariuszy Straży Granicznej. Subiektywnej oceny obszarów pracy dokonano z zastosowaniem Kwestionariusza Obszary Życia Zawodowego (The Areas of Worklife Survey), a do badania nasilenia stresu użyto Skali Odczuwanego Stresu (Perceived Stress Scale – PSS-10). Wyniki Wyłoniono 3 skupienia badanych istotnie różniących się w zakresie oceny wszystkich obszarów życia zawodowego. Przynależność badanych do wyróżnionych skupień wyjaśnia 8% zmienności w zakresie nasilenia stresu. Z analizy regresji wynika, że oceny 3 obszarów życia zawodowego (poczucia kontroli, nagrody i obciążenie pracą) są istotnymi predyktorami nasilenia stresu odczuwanego przez funkcjonariuszy. Model okazał się istotny statystycznie – zmienne włączone do modelu wyjaśniają 19% zmienności zmiennej zależnej. Wnioski Funkcjonariusze Straży Granicznej odmiennie oceniający obszary życia zawodowego różnią się w zakresie nasilenia odczuwanego stresu. Jest ono istotnie związane z możliwością podejmowania samodzielnych decyzji i zadowoleniem z nagród otrzymywanych za pracę. Znaczące jest też poczucie obciążenia pracą. Odczuwanie stresu przez funkcjonariuszy wiąże się głównie z oceną następujących obszarów pracy zawodowej: poczuciem kontroli, nagrodami i obciążeniem pracą. Med. Pr. 2018;69(2):199–210
Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic contributing to the dissemination of alternative work models such as fully remote or hybrid work models. The present study focused on these 2 types of unplanned changes in the working environment. The conservation of resources theory, the first aim of this study was to examine the predictive role of resource losses and gains since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in job burnout. Moreover, the authors investigated how non-remote, remote, and hybrid employees differ in resource losses and gains and job burnout. Material and Methods A cross-sectional online comparative study was conducted a year after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The respondents provided sociodemographic data, reported their current work model, and completed validated measures of resource losses and gains and job burnout: the Conservation of Resources Evaluation and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Based on the data collected from 1000 working adults from the Polish population, the authors tested the differences in losses and gains of different categories of resources and job burnout components between the 3 groups of employees representing distinct working models, i.e., non-remote, hybrid, and remote. Results In general, the associations of losses and gains with job burnout subscales have been confirmed, regardless of the level of analysis of losses and gains. The authors’ findings indicated that hybrid workers experienced significantly higher resource losses and gains (both in general and in different domains) in comparison to non-remote and remote workers. In turn, non-remote employees scored significantly higher on disengagement, which is one of the job burnout components. Conclusions Hybrid workers experienced the highest levels of both resource losses and gains during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to non-remote and remote workers, suggesting that this form of working arrangement involves the greatest changes in different life domains, bringing both positive and negative consequences for the employee.
Objectives The purpose of the present study was to investigate, through the lens of conservation of resources theory, the predictive role of 2 positive personality traits in the form of core self-evaluations (CSE) and ego-resiliency (ER) in resource losses and gains triggered by the COVID-19 crisis. Material and Methods The 2 personality traits, constituting positive person-related resources, were examined in relation to resource losses and gains in both general and distinct life domains: hedonistic and vital, spiritual, family, economic and political, and finally power and prestige. Results The findings from a nationwide sample of 1000 working adults (65% women; age M±SD 38.93±10.9 years) indicated that CSE negatively predicted resource losses, whereas ER served as a positive predictor of resource gains. The predictive role of personality traits was demonstrated both for resource losses and gains in general and in different life domains. Conclusions The results of this study highlight in particular the role of CSE as a protective factor of resource losses, and the role of ER as a promotive factor of resource gains, suggesting that both traits might evoke divergent resilience responses when facing prolonged stressful life events.
Objectives The aim of the paper is to present the findings from a study of the relationships between perception of worklife areas and trust in supervisor and interpersonal trust on the one hand, and assessment of the severity of stress at work on the other hand. Material and methods The study involved 1113 individuals working in different Polish organizations. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used to measure stress severity. Assessments of worklife areas were measured using the Areas of Worklife Survey, while trust was measured using the Trust in Supervisor Scale and the Interpersonal Trust Measures, a tool for measuring trust in co-workers. Results The regression analysis results prove that stress severity depends to the largest extent on the assessment of worklife areas (workload, reward, and values), as well as trust in the skills and competencies of the supervisor and trust in co-workers, based on cognitive factors. The role of trust in the supervisor, emphasizing the latter’s benevolence and the belief in their integrity and of trust in co-workers, based on emotions, and the relationships of these variables with stress require clarification. The model turned out to be statistically significant, the variables included in the model explain 45% of the variability of the dependent variable. Conclusions Assessment of worklife areas is more significant for stress level prediction than the trust dimensions studied. Conclusions concerning the relationships between trust and stress must be cautious, and the matter should be studied further.
Objectives The aim of the study was to examine the potential differences in the assessment of the severity of work-related stress, and in the global assessment of the areas of worklife and individual worklife dimensions in employees working in service occupations. Material and Methods The research covered 61 emergency workers, 92 helping professionals, and 58 knowledge workers. A subjective assessment of the areas of worklife was carried out using the Areas of Worklife Survey, and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used to investigate stress severity. Results The research has revealed statistically significant differences between workers belonging to the 3 groups of service occupations in their assessment of the severity of work-related stress. The findings have shown that 26% of the variance of the Stress Severity Assessment variable is explained by belonging to a specific occupational group. Police officers and helping professionals experience comparably severe stress, which is significantly stronger than that experienced by the laboratory staff. Statistically significant differences have also been found between the studied groups in terms of the global assessment of all areas of worklife, as well as in the assessment of particular areas, i.e., control, rewards, fairness and values. No significant differences have been found with regard to the workload and community areas. Conclusions Working in social service occupations, whether as emergency or helping professionals, may lead to a similar level of stress severity. The surveyed workers do not differ in their assessment of workload or of the sense of trust, cooperation and support received from their co-workers. Further research should be carried out to explore the sources of stress, which may be linked to other factors than the areas of worklife presented here, such as stress inducing contact with customers, environmental determinants of work, existing hazards to life or health, or the intrinsic predispositions of individuals performing specific types of work and gender. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(4):569–84
Background This work aims to present the results of a research study on the relations between work ethic, organizational commitment and job burnout. The authors investigated a sample of employees representing different industries and companies, e.g., lawyers, IT specialists, medical doctors, clerks, teachers and railwaymen (N = 335). Material and Methods The research study was based on the Job Demands−Resources model. The work ethic measured by the Polish adaptation of the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile consisted of 8 factors: the value of hard work, work as a central value of life, unwillingness to waste time, aversion to free time, delayed gratification, self-reliance, morality, and work as a moral duty. The organizational commitment measured by the Organizational Commitment Scale consisted of 3 components: affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment. To measure job burnout, the Polish adaptation of the Link Burnout Questionnaire was used, which is composed of 4 dimensions of burnout: psycho-physical exhaustion, relationship deterioration, the sense of professional failure, and disillusion. Results The study shows that work ethic dimensions and organizational commitment are negatively correlated with job burnout. Significant predictors which can reduce job burnout include work as a moral duty, the value of hard work, work as a central value of life, aversion to free time and morality as dimensions of work ethic and affective commitment. Conclusions Some dimensions of work ethic and organizational commitment constitute job resources and can decrease job burnout. Work ethic, and affective and normative commitment reduce the sense of disillusion. Med Pr. 2019;70(3):305–16
PL
Wstęp Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań nad związkami etyki pracy i przywiązania organizacyjnego z wypaleniem zawodowym, dokonanych na próbie pracowników różnych firm i zawodów: prawników, informatyków, lekarzy, kolejarzy, urzędników oraz nauczycieli (N = 335). Materiał i metody Badania przeprowadzono zgodnie z modelem Wymagania–zasoby pracy. Etyka pracy została zbadana za pomocą Wielowymiarowego profilu etyki pracy, mierzącego 8 czynników: spostrzeganie pracy jako wartości moralnej, wartościowanie ciężkiej pracy, traktowanie pracy jako centralnego elementu życia, niechęć do marnowania czasu, niechęć do czasu wolnego, odraczanie gratyfikacji, poleganie na sobie oraz gotowość do uczciwego postępowania. Przywiązanie do organizacji zmierzono Skalą przywiązania do organizacji, która obejmuje 3 wymiary: przywiązanie afektywne, normatywne oraz przywiązanie trwania. Wypalenie oceniono za pomocą Kwestionariusza wypalenia zawodowego (polska adaptacja Link Burnout Questionnaire), który mierzy 4 wymiary wypalenia: wyczerpanie psychofizyczne, brak zaangażowania w relacje z klientami, poczucie braku skuteczności zawodowej oraz rozczarowanie. Wyniki Wyniki badań pokazały, że wymiary etyki pracy oraz przywiązania do organizacji korelują negatywnie z wymiarami wypalenia. Istotnymi predyktorami obniżającymi wypalenie w ramach etyki pracy okazały się: traktowanie pracy jako wartości moralnej, wysokie wartościowanie ciężkiej pracy, traktowanie pracy jako wartości centralnej w życiu, niechęć do czasu wolnego i gotowość do uczciwego postępowania oraz przywiązanie afektywne. Wnioski Wybrane wymiary etyki pracy i przywiązania do organizacji pełnią rolę zasobów osobistych, obniżających poziom wypalenia zawodowego. Etyka pracy oraz afektywne i normatywne przywiązanie do organizacji zmniejszają rozczarowanie pracą. Med. Pr. 2019;70(3):305–316
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