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1

Memory for words related to demands of a problem solved prior to encoding: An Investigation into inhibitory mechanisms of defence against distraction

100%
Kowalczyk M.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2006
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vol. 37
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issue 3
154-171
EN
Participants solved a simple divergent problem, then performed an ostensibly unrelated speeded classification task concerning each of a series of nouns, and then free recalled the nouns. Some of the nouns in the classification task corresponded to certain demands of the problem. Recall of these nouns was analysed as a function of response-to-stimulus interval (RSI) in the classification task. Earlier studies by the author indicated that memory for such words tends to be impaired. This has been attributed to inhibitory defence against current-goal-irrelevant processing they cause in the classification task. On the assumption that the processing and the inhibitory counteraction needs time to develop between the consecutive words, impaired recall was expected at some longer and not at some shorter RSIs. Indeed, recall of problem-related words was worse in the 1550-ms RSI condition than in the 1150-ms RSI condition. Unexpectedly, however, in the 350- and 750-ms RSI conditions recall was also impaired relative to the 1150-ms RSI condition. The latter did not differ from the 1150-ms RSI control condition, in which the problem was not solved. A revised model is proposed to account for the data, which assumes that strategically controlled inhibition may block task-irrelevant processing at an earlier or at a later phase, decreasing the accessibility of the memory contents involved.
2

NEGATIVE PRIMING AND DISORDERS OF SELF-REGULATION: A REVIEW OF STUDIES MOTIVATED BY THE INHIBITORY DEFICIT HYPOTHESIS

100%
Kowalczyk M.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2005
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vol. 12
7-40
EN
One of the most influential theoretical ideas of the past few decades has been an assumption that the ability to selectively process information relevant to the current goal, which is essential for efficient self-regulation, to a considerable degree depends on 'inhibitory processes', which block mental activity or suppress mental contents unrelated to the present task. The inhibitory deficit hypothesis attributes self-regulatory failures to weakened inhibition. Negative priming, i.e. the slowing of responses to previously ignored stimuli, has been taken by many authors as a reflection of inhibitory activity in selective attention. These assumptions have been the rationale behind numerous studies aimed at establishing whether various kinds of behavioral dysfunctions or psychopathology allegedly resulting from inhibitory deficit are related to diminished negative priming. The paper reviews such studies pertaining to several categories of dysfunctions: everyday 'cognitive failures', failures in implementing intentions, changes in cognitive functioning related to aging, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and schizotypy. Researches using negative priming as an index of inhibition do not support the inhibitory deficit hypothesis unequivocally for any of these categories. The discussion of complex patterns of results that emerge from these studies focuses on three issues: the problem of accuracy of inhibitory deficit accounts, problems related to assessing the strength of inhibitory processes on the basis of the magnitude of negative priming, and the problem of external validity of laboratory diagnoses that relate to the functioning of inhibitory mechanisms.
3

INHIBITORY PROCESSES, LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE MECHANISMS OF ATTENTIONAL SELECTION - THE IMPLICATIONS OF NEGATIVE PRIMING

100%
Kowalczyk M.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
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2005
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vol. 11
31-63
EN
The author analyses implications of the results of research on negative priming for the theory that attributes this phenomenon to inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention. According to an early inhibitory account of negative priming, the representation of the stimulus ignored or selected against in the prime (preceding) display is actively suppressed, which entails a short-term decrease in the representation's activation level below baseline. As a result, when a response to this stimulus is required in the probe (subsequent) display, accessing the stimulus representation may be more difficult. Contrary to this account, it was found that negative priming may persist for quite a long time and that it depends on the conditions in, and on the broader context of, the probe display in which an earlier distractor appears as the target. These results are congenial with noninhibitory accounts of negative priming, which attribute the effect to a conflict or difficulty arising when on the probe trial an episodic representation of the probe target is retrieved that was established when this stimulus served as a distractor. Following the integrative proposal put forward by Tipper (2001), the author considers modifications the inhibitory account seems to require to accommodate the data indicating that both inhibition and memory processes play a role in negative priming. A basic change is a revision of the assumptions concerning the way the effects of inhibition are carried over from the prime trial to the probe trial. A modified inhibitory account assumes that this transfer involves memory coding (on the prime trial) and retrieval (on the test trial) of inhibitory processes or their effects. It is shown that this modification necessitates a revision of other assumptions of the original inhibitory account, especially those concerning the nature of the representations involved in negative priming and the very concept of inhibition. Taking into account the role learning and memory processes play in selective attention puts the mechanisms of the latter in a new theoretical perspective. The transition is from analysing attentional selection in a narrow focus of the question that concerns how the organism solves a current problem of distinguishing task-relevant stimuli from distractors, to analysing it in a broader context of the issue of how the organism in its interactions with a given environment learns to categorise stimuli as relevant or irrelevant, to represent them in the context of an activity as those that should be attended to and those that should be ignored.
4

POETICS OF CARNIVAL IN LEOPOLD TYRMAND'S 'DIARY 1954'

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Kowalczyk M.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2006
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vol. 97
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issue 4
51-70
EN
The present article is an attempt to interpret Tyrmand's 'Diary 1954' with the use of Mikhail Bakhtin's carnivalisation theory. The relationship between Diary and the reality created by social-realist texts can be put into the scheme carnival - the official culture. The literary exponent of this relationship is the grotesque, with which Tyrmand transforms the elements of the official culture. In a totalitarian country, an open criticism of the system was impossible, thus only in his Diary could Tyrmand deride with impunity the communism and the ruling party. He did that through the carnivalisation of the world presented, which related to profaning and degrading of the social-realistic sacrum. Diary writing was also linked with a katharsis that Tyrmand experienced due to the carnivalistic laugh. The theory of carnivalisation makes it possible to delineate the so far unknown elements of Tyrmand's prose.
5

DIVERGENT PROBLEM SOLUTIONS, PROBLEM-UNRELATED THOUGHTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISTRACTION IN EVERYDAY SITUATIONS

100%
Kowalczyk M.
Psychological Studies
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2006
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vol. 44
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issue 2
19-30
EN
On the basis of the author's experimental results it was hypothesised that 'loose' solutions to a divergent problem, i.e. solutions that transgress the indicated category of means of reaching the goal set in the problem, are related to a tendency to process relatively deeply aspects of information that are irrelevant to the task at hand or to block relatively late such task-unrelated mental activity. The aim of the study was to find out whether this tendency implies an increased susceptibility to distraction in everyday situations and increased frequency of occurrence of task-unrelated thoughts during problem solving. Participants solved one or two divergent problems and completed a questionnaire designed to assess susceptibility to distraction. Moreover, some participants made estimates of relative frequencies of thoughts that appeared during the problem-solving interval but concerned some other matters.The estimated frequencies of problem-unrelated thoughts were positively correlated with the questionnaire score indicating susceptibility to distraction and they were lower in subjects who did not write any loose solution ideas than in subjects who wrote one or more such solutions. No relationship was found between the questionnaire score and loose solution ideas. The results support the hypothesis that loose solution ideas may be an index of attentional functioning which allows relatively deep processing of activated mental contents unrelated to the current task. However, the results did not confirm that this way of functioning of attention is associated with an increased susceptibility to distraction in everyday situations.
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