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GEOPOLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE GEORGIAN-RUSSIAN WAR (Geopolityczne nastepstwa wojny gruzinsko-rosyjskiej)

100%
Lakomy M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2010
|
issue 4(337)
179-199
EN
From the perspective of international security, the Georgia-Russian war was a restitution of the model of war to which the world prepared in the second half of the 20th century. The events of 2008 proved that in the 21st century, apart form the increasingly frequent asymmetrical conflicts, there is still a risk of the outbreak of a conventional international armed conflict. The article discusses the major geopolitical effects of the Georgian-Russian war with special emphasis on the role of NATO, the European Union, USA, Russia, Poland and Iran. The main hypothesis of the article is as follows: as a result of the conflict of August 2008 those who lost most were the Western states - the USA, the EU, NATO and Poland, proving their impotence or subjection to Russia. The effects of the conflict for Russia are prone to a twofold evaluation. On the one hand, the Kremlin strengthened its position in the Caucasus, on the other however, it lost the confidence of the public opinion in Western Europe. The greatest beneficiary of the war was Iran, as it gained time necessary for the development of its nuclear program.
2
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The paradox of cyber development: twice the tech, double the fall?

100%
Lakomy M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2015
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issue 3(356)
199-224
EN
The rising pace of technological development in the 21st century is frequently met by a widespread "folly", to be always up-to-date with the latest trends and fashions, especially in the sensitive and ever changing area of IT. Humanity continues to develop numerous indispensable and useful technological innovations, but concurrently produces numerous inventions whose implementation in various spheres of human life must give rise to objections. We observe an increasing flood of technological innovations and a blind assimilation of all electronic devices, including some which appear to be completely unnecessary. Almost no one asks: where are the boundaries and at what point do hi-tech pursuits cease to make sense? The pace and scope of development raises legitimate doubts, as it is outpacing the growth of deepened intellectual reflection. Therefore, this paper argues that the more ICTs are introduced thoughtlessly into different areas of life, the greater the challenges, resulting from their improper use, we face. Such correlation is visible at a glance, but so far there has been little effort to understand the causes and strategic consequences of this profound paradox of digital revolution.
3
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Zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa teleinformatycznego państw – przyczynek do typologii

100%
Lakomy M.
Kwartalnik Naukowy OAP UW "e-Politikon"
|
2013
|
issue 6
100-141
PL
Artykuł jest próbą opracowania podstawowej typologii najpoważniejszych zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa teleinformatycznego państw z perspektywy nauk społecznych. Biorąc pod uwagę różnorodny stopień organizacji oraz odmienność form, a więc uwarunkowania, motywacje, metody i cele stawiane sobie przez działające w cyberprzestrzeni podmioty, wyróżniono następujące wyzwania dla bezpieczeństwa państw: haking, haktywizm, „haktywizm patriotyczny”, wąsko rozumianą cyberprzestępczość, cyberterroryzm, cyberszpiegostwo, militarne wykorzystanie cyberprzestrzeni. Źródłami tych form zagrożeń są zarówno podmioty państwowe, jak i pozapaństwowe. Szczególne znaczenie mają te wyzwania, które wiążą się z działalnością służb państwowych. Rodzą one bowiem różnorodne kontrowersje natury politycznej i prawnej. Jest to tym bardziej widoczne, iż do dziś nie ma zgody społeczności międzynarodowej co do sposobu interpretacji najpoważniejszych ataków teleinformatycznych. W tym kontekście wydaje się, iż zaproponowane w artykule szerokie i wieloaspektowe podejście pozwoli przyczynić się do lepszej percepcji zagrożeń dla cyberbezpieczeństwa w naukach społecznych, a przez to do wypracowania skuteczniejszych rozwiązań prawnych i politycznych tak w wymiarze wewnętrznym, jak i międzynarodowym.
EN
This article is an attempt to create a precise typology and definitions of cyber threats for the national security from the social sciences perspective. The analysis included multiple important cyber attack features, such as organization, technical determinants, motivations, techniques, tools, goals or political consequences. The article distinguished several important cyber threat forms: hacking, hacktivism, patriot hacktivism, cyber crime, cyber terrorism, cyber espionage or cyber warfare. Sources of these challenges are usually very diverse, ranging from amateur individuals up to states and international organizations. Activity of states in cyberspace usually pose the gravest threats for the national and international security. It is not only due to their high complexity, but also grave political, legal and military consequences. On this basis, it is crucial to underline that nowadays there is no consensus within the international community when it comes to cyber security solutions. Typology and definitions presented in this article may contribute toa better understanding of major cyber challenges, as well as to an elaboration of more precise and efficient cyber defense mechanisms on the national and international level.
4
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Konferencja naukowa „Dylematy polityki zagranicznej Polski w kontekście ewolucji środowiska międzynarodowego na przełomie pierwszej i drugiej dekady XXI w.”

63%
Czornik K., Lakomy M.
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
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2013
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issue 4
287-292
5
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A monster or a hero? How the RT.com framed Donald Trump’s agenda during the U.S. presidential campaign 2015-2016

63%
Lakomy M., Lakomy M.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2020
|
issue 3 (376)
125-141
EN
This article attempts to understand how the Russia-funded RT television website (RT.com) framed the candidacy of Donald Trump during the U.S. presidential campaign in 2015 and 2016. It aims to find out whether it was really involved in creating an artificial pro-Trump image and supported his cause against Hillary Clinton, as some reports suggest. Its secondary objective is to understand what kind of agenda (including the topics and issues discussed) was adopted by this webpage when referring to this Republican candidate. In order to reach these goals, the study was founded on the concept of agenda-setting and exploited content analysis of the textual layer of RT.com. This manuscript argues that while the attitude of this website evolved in time, it cannot be confirmed that it was overly biased in favour of Donald Trump. At the same time, however, RT.com was heavily interested in defending his argumentation on the inexistence of the Trump- Putin “bromance” and the lack of the “Russian factor” in the American elections. Moreover, it featured multiple pieces of news which provided a negative image of the U.S. democratic processes through the association of the 2016 presidential campaign with scandals, violence, extremism and crimes.
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