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PL
The presence of materials and structures derived from mass culture is considered one of the distinctive features for South American literature in the post period. However, while more experienced writers (that is those associated with the boom) had been clearly denoting the inferior character of mass culture in comparison to high culture (literature), this distinction started to vanish gradually over the 1990s. This paper is to demonstrate that the dexterity of young South American novelists in exploring the fast culture world (Paz Soldán) can be explained in the light of the theory of literary generations by Kazimierz Wyka. It transpires that the so-called period of rooting in society (Spranger), overlapping the 1970s and 1980s, coincided with a rapid development of mass media in South America. Being the fundamental source of mediated experiences (Giddens), mass media have become a looking glass for the perception of reality and an individual’s identity. This is reflected in the writing of young authors: in Por favor, rebobinar (1994), Alberto Fuguet represents the life of young generation Chileans connected with the mass media world, using its diverse discourses. Key words: South American literature, mass culture, young generation writers.
ES
In Lo real (2001) by Belén Gopegui, a novel treating of relations between an individual and the capitalist society, a special character is revived, namely the chorus. While confronting the role it plays in the Spanish novel under analysis using the theories of the functions of the chorus as a constitutent of ancient tragedy, we answer the question whether the writer’s act of introducing this collective character to a comtemporary prose work should be treated as a parody or as playing with a commonly known literary convention, aimed to achieve specific objectives. The discussion touches on, for instance, the concept of the chorus as an interlude, a rightful participant in the plot, ethical authority, a literary “extension” of the author, an ideal reader etc. Key words: Contemporary Spanish prose, Greek tragedy, chorus, Belén Gopegui.
ES
What characterizes Latin American literature starting from the 19th century, after gaining independence, is, without a doubt, the search for its own unique features. Scientists, thinkers, novelists and poets have been trying to provide Latin American people with the consciousness of their own identity, defined, in most cases, in terms contradictory to those used in Europe or the United States. The aim of this paper is to present how, in this context, Nicolás Guillén, an Afro-Caribbean poet, builds a concept of (Afro)Cubanism (or Americanism, as his theses apply to the entire region). Given the assumption that identity is a project of a reflexive character (Giddens), and that discourse determines the relation between power, knowledge and identity (Foucault), the paper analyzes the poetry of Nicolás Gullén in the light of various concepts from the field of cultural studies, including ethnic absolutism, creative geographies, transculturation/acculturation, ideology, hegemony and symbolic violence. Key words: Nicolás Guillén - identity - (Afro)Cuban - cultural studies.
ES
The Latin American Homo Sexualis of High Modernity. Jaime Bayly’s Narrative Fiction Jaime Bayly is one of the most controversial Hispanic-American writers of recent times. Both his provocative media image and his writings - which supposedly reffer to his personal experience - focus on gay themes. The aim of the present article is to show, by way of the work of literary scholars who engage in queer theory and sociologists who examine questions of sexuality, how certain changes in the sexual dimension of human life typical of societies of so-called high modernity (although with marked influences from Latin American culture), are reflected in th Peruvian’s writings. Situating Bayly’s novels in a broader literary and social context, the article attempts to shed light on the cultural construction of gender and sexuality. Key words: (homo)sexuality, hypermasculinity, hegemony, identity.
PL
Ameryka Łacińska jest kontynentem, na którym stawiano i burzono przez wieki niezliczone mury podziałów etnicznych, klasowych, politycznych. Społeczeństwem, które boleśnie doświadczyło tego, czym one są, czym jest izolacja, są Kubańczycy, dla których rajska niegdyś wyspa stała się klatką. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie sposobu, w jaki sposób kreuje literacką przestrzeń Hawany, przedstawiając codzienne życie jej mieszkańców, pisarz należący do pierwszego pokolenia Kubańczyków dorastających w rewolucyjnej rzeczywistości – Pedro Juan Gutiérrez. W powieści Nic do roboty [Nada que hacer] (1998), niewidzialne, lecz doskonale namacalne mury dzielące Hawanę na strefy wpływów różnych grup społecznych, rozpadające się ściany i sufity mieszkań nie są jedynie dowodem wszechobecnej biedy, ale zdają się stanowić również metaforę relacji władzy w obrębie społeczeństwa i jego stanu ducha. Z drugiej strony, autor pokazuje, w jaki sposób świadoma jednostka próbuje wybudować wokół siebie intelektualny mur, który odgrodziłby ją od pozbawiającej woli działania nicości. Analiza oparta została o koncepcje mobilności socjologów Zygmunta Baumana i Johna Urry’ego, szkic Elżbiety Rybickiej dotyczący sensorycznej geografii literackiej oraz rozważania Javiera del Prado Biezmy o sposobach przedstawiania przestrzeni w literaturze.
EN
Latin America is a continent where for centuries various walls of ethnic, class, and political divisions were erected and demolished. Cubans, for whom the once paradise island became a cage, are a society which painfully experienced what those walls are as well as what isolation is. The aim of the article was to discuss the way in which Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, a writer who belongs to the first generation of Cubans who grew up in the Revolutionary reality, creates the literary space of Havana by depicting the everyday lives of its inhabitants. In the novel titled Nothing to Do [Nada que hacer] (1998), the invisible yet terribly tangible walls dividing Havana into zones of influence of various social groups, and the disintegrating walls and ceilings of flats are not the only proof of the universal poverty – they also seem to constitute a metaphor of the relations of power within the society and of the condition of its spirit. Furthermore, the author indicates how a conscious individual tries to build around themselves an intellectual wall which could separate them from the void which deprives one of the will to act. The analysis was based on the concept of mobility by Zygmunt Bauman and John Urry, on a study by Elżbieta Rybicka regarding the sensory literary geography, and on a discussion by Javier del Prado Biezma of the methods for presenting space in literature.
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Prefazione

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Nota de la editora

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