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K otázce souvětných členů (klauzí)

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Štěpán J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2012
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vol. 73
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issue 2
83-103
EN
The concept of the complex sentence element (clause) is anchored in the formalsemantic level description. This description follows up on the classical approach, from form to meaning, but is based on K. Svoboda’s original concept of the complex sentence, among others. The concept of the complex sentence element on the level of complex sentence elements corresponds to the concept of the verbal clause as a complex unit on the lower sentence-element level. Like in phonology, certain traits, namely those of the complex sentence elements, are delimited as binary oppositions: subordinating – coordinating connective, incorporation by determination or apposition – disincorporation by coordination or parenthesis, commenting – lack of commenting. The focus of the article lies in the classification of complex sentence elements into nine types based on the combinations of the traits mentioned above. In one center of the system of these elements, there is a traditional subordinate clause, the subordinate clause with restricted determination, semi-subordinate clause, and false subordinate clause stand further from it. The second center is formed by the traditional main clause, to which the main clause with restricted coordination and the main clause with determination are attached. The periphery of the system is formed by the oppositional subordinate and appositional coordinate clause.
2
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Široce způsobové vedlejší věty zájmenně-částicové

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Štěpán J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2012
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vol. 95
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issue 3
122-141
EN
The article deals with the semantic classification of the pronominal-particle subordinate clauses of broad manner, which are becoming more frequent in the contemporary Czech as a consequence of its bntellectualization. This type of subordinate clause is incorporated into the head clause especially due to secondary prepositions and multiverbation units, which determine the pronoun ten (takový) in the head clause. This pronoun anticipates subordinate clauses introduced by the connecting particles že, aby, zda, jestli, -li, ať. The center of the system of the investigated type of subordinate clauses is formed by clauses indicating manner, extent or degree, means, accompanying circumstances, while the outer edge of the center is formed by clauses of effect. Subordinate clauses of restriction and respect and some other kinds of subordinate clauses are close to the periphery of the system.
3
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Interjekce vyjadřující údiv (překvapení, úžas)

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Štěpán J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2012
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vol. 95
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issue 2
70-85
EN
This paper analyzes interjections expressing astonishment in dialogues from contemporary fiction. It describes them on the syntactic level, where they are not incorporated in clauses as clause elements, but rather, they function as a means of clause-formation. Interjections do not express ideas, but emotions of astonishment (e.g. surprise or amazement) with which other emotions are connected. A detailed classification of the individual interjections is presented on the phonetic (graphic) and morphological levels from both formal and lexical semantic points of view, and the considerable variability of the analyzed interjections is commented on.
4
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Složitý nadsouvětný celek v současné próze

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Štěpán J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2019
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vol. 102
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issue 4
239-251
EN
The compound-complex super-clausal unit is one that extends beyond the boundaries of grammar and moves toward text linguistics. The article begins by delimiting the basic concepts. It defines the concept of compound-complex super-clausal unit from its initial capital letter to its terminal punctuation. Such a whole has three or more clauses, at least one of which is not in a semantic-syntactic relationship. The asyndetic composite sentence and the asyndetic attachment of single-member verbless clauses are tanalysed. Then the concepts of semi-dependent clause, parenthesis and relational modality are delimited. The core of the article is a classification of semi-dependent and parenthetic clauses, the juxtaposition of declarative clauses and the juxtaposition of clauses of different relational modality in. compound-complex super-clausal units. This analysis is based on the material from contemporary Czech prose.
5
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Přirovnávací vedlejší věty se spojkami jako a než:

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Štěpán J.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2014
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vol. 97
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issue 1
13-25
EN
Using material from contemporary Czech, comparative subordinate clauses with the conjunctions jako and než are initially classified into adverbial and non-adverbial clauses. The analysis then considers the fact that in the adverbial clauses with jako, comparison is realized by a conjunction occurring togheter with a t-expression and the adverb stejně. The clause order is also taken into consideration. Adverbial clauses with než are then classified in particular into clauses of the narrowly understood manner (generally comparative) and measure (with the comparative in the head clause).
6
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Ludvík Vaculík, Josef Škvorecký, Milan Kundera, Pavel Kohout a Václav Havel o češtině

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Štěpán J.
Bohemistyka
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2011
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vol. 11
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issue 1
3-13
EN
Author of the article describes statements about Czech language of well-known modern Czech writers: Ludvík Vaculík, Josef Škvorecký, Milan Kundera, Pavel Kohout and Václav Havel. They are speaking about function of mother tongue in a literary composition or in a daily communication.
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Postoje současných českých spisovatelů k mateřštině

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Štěpán J.
Bohemistyka
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2012
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vol. 12
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issue 3
EN
On the basis of the extensive excerption, the article deals with the contemporary Czech writers’ opinions of on their close connections with their mother-tongue language, native country and its culture and the qualities of the Czech language. The author focuses also on the attitudes of the writers to the means of language that are characteristic of the Czech language. In connection with the Czech language, the writers often reflect their relationship to foreign languages.
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Ke kvalifikátoru kolokviální v »Akademickém slovníku současné češtiny«

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Štěpán J.
Bohemistyka
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2020
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issue 2
177-185
EN
The article deals with the concepts of colloquial-standard Czech, everyday Czech and common Czech. The concept of the standard Czech and its norm is analysed in more detail; this analysis is used also as a starting point for the evaluation of words from the point of view of their (non-)standardness. The paper criticises the broad definition and use of the qualifier kolokviální, used for the units of the spoken informal language in the article by P. Kochová and Z. Opavská devoted to the preparation of the Academic Dictionary of the Contemporary Czech. Instead of the qualifier colloquial delimited in this way, the author proposes – on the data of univerbation units, loanwords and new meanings – to use both the qualifier non-standard and the newly more narrowly delimited qualifier colloquial, which would correspond to the qualifier colloquial-standard in the existing dictionaries. The article arrives to the conclusion that the conception of P. Kochová and Z. Opavská would disrupt the integrity of the standard Czech, because with their broadly delimited qualifier colloquial non-standard words would enter into the standard Czech.
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Článek pracuje s pojmy hovorová, běžně mluvená a obecná čeština. Podrobněji se zabývá pojmem spisovná čeština a její norma, což je východiskem při hodnocení slov z hlediska spisovnosti a nespisovnosti. Příspěvek kritizuje širokou definici i užívání kvalifikátoru kolokviální, který se používá pro jednotky mluveného neformálního jazyka v článku P. Kochové a Z. Opavské při přípravě Akademického slovníku současné češtiny. Místo takto vymezeného kvalifikátoru kolokviální se navrhuje na konkrétním materiálu (univerbizáty, slova cizího původu, nové významy) užívat jednak kvalifikátoru nespisovný, jednak nově úžeji vymezeného kvalifikátoru kolokviální, který odpovídá kvalifikátoru hovorový (spisovný) v dosavadních slovnících. Článek dochází k závěru, že pojetí P. Kochové a Z. Opavské by narušilo integritu spisovné češtiny, protože by se s jejich široce vymezeným kvalifikátorem kolokviální do spisovné češtiny dostala nespisovná slova.
9
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Příčinnostní (kauzalitní) věty

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Štěpán J.
Bohemistyka
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2021
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issue 3
307-318
EN
The paper deals with a classification of causality adverbial subordinate clauses according to the hypotactic causality conjunctions: causal (protože, poněvadž, jelikož, ježto), final (aby), conditional (jestliže, kdyby, -li, pakli, jestli, pakliže), concessive (ač, ačkoli, přestože, třebaže, jakkoli, i když, i kdyby, byť), and effect (že, aby, až, takže). Further on, the author classifies clauses with the conjunctions že, aby that gain a causality meaning in cooperation with the expressions in the head clause (proto; tak; díky tomu; z toho důvodu; kvůli tomu; za účelem toho; v případě; za předpokladu; i přes to; vzdor tomu etc.). Some temporal conjunctions (když, pokud, jakmile) gain the meaning of causality only in the context of the complex sentence. Causality clauses are frequent in scientific texts.
CS
Článek se zabývá klasifikací příslovečných příčinnostních vedlejších vět podle podřadicích příčinnostních spojek: příčinné (protože, poněvadž, jelikož, ježto), účelové (aby), podmínkové (jestliže, kdyby, -li, pakli, jestli, pakliže), přípustkové (ač, ačkoli, přestože, třebaže, jakkoli, i když, i kdyby, byť), účinkové (že, aby, až, takže). Autor dále klasifikuje příčinnostní věty se spojkami že, aby, které získávají příčinnostní význam v kooperaci s výrazy v řídící větě (proto; tak; díky tomu; z toho důvodu; kvůli tomu; za účelem toho; v případě; za předpokladu; i přes to; vzdor tomu atd.). Některé časové spojky nabývají příčinnostní význam až v souvětném kontextu (když, pokud, jakmile). Příčinnostní věty jsou frekventované ve vědeckých textech.
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