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Tajemnica Szanghajskiej triady

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Cinema as a Proposition for Dialogue. A Historical Sketch. As film has been progressing not only did it absorb everything within its reach but also, relatively soon, it became a focal point for discussions concerning politics, culture, art, entertainment, and business. With time, it entered a dialogue with new media and the entire sphere of new technology which marched into film production and began to control its distribution, availability, advertisement and storage. The author of the article analyzes the communicative potential dwelling in the subsequent phases of cinema’s evolution. The departure point is constituted by the interpretation of the relations between film and other arts from the dialogical perspective. Mutual exchanges are merely one of the main aspects of this phenomenon; of major significance remain analogies and parallel development, all equally significant for every field of art. By extending the field of study from the correspondence between arts to correspondence between cultures one can observe various forms of coexistence between elements that originate in different cultures. They may function together in harmony or collide, overlap or intersect as well as create connections that can be either immediately obvious or require exegesis and interpretation. Today, cinematic dialogues undergo transformations as they exist in an ever-changing social and communicative space. They require new discourses as they are shaped and developed in an interdisciplinary environment.
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Ludzie w drodze: Artyści ludowi

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The author interprets – an often neglected film by Tian Zhuangzhuang (1987). The movie was made soon after poor reception of the director’s two avant-garde works, when he decided to complete several mainstream projects. Tian Zhuangzhuang himself did not really care about them too much. However, the author of the article discovers that the movie The Drum Singers, adapted from a novel by the outstanding writer Lao She, includes elements of the director’s mature style and also several of his favourite subjects. The author’s aim is to rediscover this forgot-ten masterpiece and discuss its artistic qualities.
EN
The article is devoted to the Polish Film School. The origins of the phenomenon are pre-sented against the background of Polish cinema in post-communist times. The author emphasizes the impact of Italian neo¬ realism upon the Polish Film School, which is strongly reflected in cinematography. Also similarities with and inspirations from German expres-sionism are traced. Critics’ opinions on the most significant films from the Polish Film School and the movement itself are cited.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy i interpretacji jest film Ariane Mnouchkine z 2006 r., zrealizowany na podstawie jej spektaklu teatralnego z 2003 roku pt. „Le derniere caravanserail. Odyssees”. Autorka podejmuje w nim temat wędrówek migrantów, odwołując się do konkretnych ludzkich doświadczeń, uzyskując informacje na podstawie rozmów przeprowadzonych w obozach Sangatte, Lombok i Villawood. Mnouchkine zrezygnowała z przygotowania ustalonego tekstu wykorzystując nagrane wypowiedzi migrantów oraz improwizacje aktorskie.Nie zmierzała w stronę zideologizowanego dyskursu politycznego lecz starała się oddać sytuację ludzi zawieszonych pomiędzy krajami, w których nie mogą dłużej żyć, a tymi, które nie chcą ich przyjąć.Wymagało to wypracowania nowej formuły teatru interkulturowego, w której autorka dokonała syntezy osiągnięć teatru awangardowego, tradycji teatru starożytnej Grecji, teatru Dalekiego Wschodu i teatru fizycznego, nadając całości rys własnego wypracowanego już wcześniej stylu.
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The author analyzes and interprets Ariane Mnouchkine’s 2006 film based on her own theatrical piece of 2003 „Le Derniere Caravansérail (Odyssées)”. The play focuses on the problem of migration from the perspective of individual experiences of people as told by themselves in camps in Sangatte, Lombok, and Villawood. Mnouchkine did not prepare her own text replacing it with recorded testimonies and improvisations of the actors. She avoided ideological political discourse trying to portray people suspended between countries: their own, where it is now impossible to live, and those that do not want to accept them. Her project required new formula of an intercultural theatre - a synthesis of traditions of the Far East, Ancient Greece, and physical theatre, which was also present in her previous works.
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What fascinated Max Ophüls in Madame de..., a short novel by Louise de Vilmorin, was not so much the storyline, but the construction of the whole story, in particular the axis around which the cycle of events takes place, namely a pair of earrings. Helman tries to show how Ophüls manages this axis in film. A detailed deconstruction of the plot highlights the role the earrings play as an element structuring the film, and their relation with the motif of lies and lying. The earrings function on three levels at the same time: as material objects, as elements of the plot, and on a mental level. The plot is totally fictitious, artificial and constructed, and Ophüls appears to be aiming at some artificial world of film, that does not exist outside of his work. The director plays with he convention of the melodrama, but does not take it seriously. In a similar fashion he enjoys playing with the camera, without celebrating what is achieved with its help. In this manner he achieves an effect of unique, rococo charm, which so far no one could imitate.
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Helman reviews Rafal Syska's book Maintaining distance. The film world of Robert Altman (2008). The book is also the habilitation thesis of the author. Helman notes that Syska's research on American cinema and monographies, as well as his experience as an editor of several edited volumes gave him solid grounding in preparing such a valuable monograph. In order to describe such a difficult director, that escapes all classification, Syska successfully combines several aims and methodologies in order to produce a book that is both comprehensive and complete. Helman concentrates on the structure of the book, thus bringing us closer to Syska the monographer.
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Recenzja książki Kamili Żyto „Film noir i kino braci Coen” (2017). Jak pisze Helman, autorka poświęciła pierwszą, stosunkowo obszerną część pracy rozważaniom teoretycznym na temat pojęć noir i neo-noir, wykraczając daleko poza przedstawienie literatury przedmiotu, czyli zdanie sprawy z tego, co na interesujący ją temat napisano wcześniej. W jej ujęciu noir to przede wszystkim kwestia światopoglądu filozoficzno-ideologicznego (także estetycznego), czego dowodzi, odwołując się do takich źródeł inspiracji, jak egzystencjalizm (również w jego wersji amerykańskiej) i psychoanaliza, do których przywiązuje duże znaczenie. Jak zauważa recenzentka, książka składa się z poprzedzonych wstępem dwóch części. Pierwsza jest poświęcona teoretycznym rozważaniom wokół fenomenu noir, druga wybranym filmom braci Coen, udowadniającym wysuniętą w pierwszej części tezę. Po przeczytaniu części pierwszej czytelnik jest już doskonale zaznajomiony z warsztatem i narzędziami, które posłużą Kamili Żyto w części drugiej. Choć „kino braci Coen” to drugi człon tytułu, jest to w istocie główny przedmiot zainteresowań autorki, skądinąd wyraźnie zafascynowanej kinem noir. Przedstawiwszy konstrukcję książki i jej główne założenia, Helman dyskutuje z niektórymi tezami Żyto. Ponadto przybliża czytelnikowi analizy filmów przeprowadzone przez autorkę, a także sygnalizuje, że zakończenie książki przynosi próbę zlokalizowania kina neo-noir i twórczości braci Coen w kontekście paradygmatu modernistycznego.
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Book review of Kamila Żyto’s “Film noir i kino braci Coen” [‘Film noir and Coen brothers’ cinema”] (2017). According to Helman, the author devoted the first, relatively large part of the work to theoretical considerations on the concepts of noir and neo-noir, going far beyond the presentation of the literature on the subject. In her view, noir is primarily a matter of philosophical-ideological (also aesthetic) world-view, which is proved by referring to such sources of inspiration as existentialism (also in its American version) and psychoanalysis, to which she attaches great importance. The book consists of two parts preceded by an introduction. The first one is devoted to theoretical considerations around the noir phenomenon, the second – to the selected films of the Coen brothers. After reading the first part, the reader is already perfectly familiar with the research methods and concepts that will be used by Kamila Żyto in the second part. Although the Coen brothers’ cinema is the second part of the title, it is in fact the main subject of interest of the author, clearly fascinated by the noir cinema. Having presented the design of the book and its main assumptions, Helman discusses some theses of Kamila Żyto. In addition, she introduces the reader to the analysis of films carried out by the author, and also signals that the ending of the book is an attempt to locate the neo-noir cinema and the creativity of the Coen brothers in the context of the modernist paradigm.
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Helman presents Rick Altman's theory presented in his recent book Theory of Narrative (2008). Altman, a professor from the University of Iowa, is known as a theoretician of the genre, but his newest research places him within the scope of theories of narration. Altman's theory of narrative moves towards the universal, as he is interested in narration in art in general. Rather than considering the differences between literary and film narratives, he points out the similarities. Altman highlights the exceptional, cultural significance of narratives and the omnipresent practice of storytelling. He maintains that this is the result of storytelling being open to different forms. Helman presents the main idea of the book, namely that narrative is independent from the medium. Helman presents the most important elements of Altman's theory, and she concludes, that the theory is engaging, because one is immediately tempted to apply it in analysis.
PL
Autorka charakteryzuje Mundruczó jako twórcę, który wpisuje się w nurty i tendencje sztuki swoich czasów – niekiedy je wyprzedza nowatorskimi rozwiązaniami, ale zarazem nie przekreśla tradycji. Jego kino to kino transgresji, które nie respektuje granic gatunkowych, rodzajowych, estetycznych, łącząc fabularność i dokumentalizm z tendencjami awangardowymi. Mundruczó jest wnikliwym obserwatorem i interpretatorem współczesnej rzeczywistości, ale by odnaleźć i nadać jej sens, sięga daleko w przeszłość, w stronę uniwersalnych mitów, które zrodziła kultura i samo kino. Analizując twórczość Mundruczó, autorka ukazuje powtarzające się wątki i motywy, które twórczość tę spajają przy całej jej różnorodności. Stale powraca motyw rodziny: dysfunkcyjnej, rozbitej, nieobecnej; bohaterowie pozbawieni przeszłości pojawiają się znikąd, naruszając stan równowagi społeczności sfrustrowanej, wrogiej wobec obcych i siebie nawzajem. Otwarte zakończenia nie rozwiązują problemów ani nie wskazują dróg wyjścia z impasu bądź kryzysu. Zachowaniami postaci kierują seks i przemoc, a ofiarami padają niewinni.
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The author describes Mundruczó as an artist who fits in with the currents and tendencies of the art of his time – sometimes he overtakes them with innovative solutions, but at the same time he does not rule out the tradition. His cinema is a cinema of transgression, which does not respect genre, type, or aesthetic boundaries, combining fiction and documentary with avant-garde tendencies. Mundruczó is an insightful observer and interpreter of contemporary reality, but in order to find and give it meaning, he reaches far into the past, towards the universal myths that culture and cinema have created. Analyzing the work of Mundruczó, the author reveals recurring themes and motifs that bind this work together with all its diversity. One of the recurring motifs is the motif of the family: dysfunctional, broken and absent; heroes deprived of the past appear out of nowhere, disturbing the balance of the frustrated community, hostile to strangers and each other. Open endings do not solve problems or indicate ways to break the deadlock or crisis. The behaviour of the characters is driven by sex and violence, and the victims are innocent people.
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A book review of Lukasz A. Plesnar's The Faces of Western (Twarze westernu, 2009). This impressive book deals with western as a genre and comes with a vast bibliography and filmography. According to Helman, Plesnar's long in the making book is a competent and complete work on the subject of western. The book is somewhat encyclopaedic in style, but this is typical for Plesnar, as his other books also have a very high informative value. The reviewer notes however that this completeness might make reading more difficult, as the book is overfilled with lists of items.
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Helman prezentuje minimonografię twórczości brazylijskiego reżysera Glaubera Rochy w kontekście specyfiki nurtu filmowego Cinema Novo. W ujęciu autorki Glauber Rocha jawi się jako niestrudzony rewolucjonista, kontestator i eksperymentator. Helman prezentuję biografię artysty, wybrane elementy historii Brazylii istotne z punktu widzenia twórczości Rochy, a także sam ruch Cinema Novo, będący dla reżysera ważnym punktem odniesienia. Następnie koncentruje się na pełnometrażowych filmach fabularnych tego reżysera, swą uwagę skupiając zasadniczo na przedstawieniu jego strategii artystycznych i analizie strony formalnej jego filmów, która – wedle Helman – stanowi ważny czynnik przekazu problematyki politycznej, społecznej i kulturowej (mity, obrzędy, rytuały) obecnej w filmach Rochy. W zakończeniu artykułu Helman notuje: „Lektura tekstów naukowych, krytycznych, wypowiedzi odbiorców niemal za każdym razem potwierdza, że eksplikacja znaczeń filmów Rochy wymaga wiedzy spoza tekstu, sięgnięcia do kontekstów nieraz bardzo odległych i rozległych. Jeśli filmy Rochy zaskakiwały i dezorientowały widzów lat 60. i 70., to czy dziś, po wielu latach i tylu nowych doświadczeniach w zakresie języka i form kina, nie powinny się przed nami otworzyć? Nie otwierają się. Rocha nie współkształtował uniwersalnego języka, którym mówi dziś współczesne kino. Tworzył swój własny. I takim ten język pozostał”.
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Helman presents the mini-monograph of the work of Brazilian director Glauber Rocha in the context of the specificity of Cinema Novo. According to the author, Glauber Rocha appears as a tireless revolutionist, a contestant and experimenter. Helman presents the biography of the artist, selected elements of the history of Brazil relevant from the point of view of Rocha’s work, as well as the Cinema Novo movement itself, which is an important reference point for the director. Then she focuses on the director’s feature films, focusing mainly on presenting his artistic strategies and analysing the formal side of his films, which – according to Helman – is an important factor in dealing with political, social and cultural issues (myths, rituals and ceremonies) present in Rocha’s films. At the end of the article, Helman notes: “The reading of scientific and critical texts and the opinions of the recipients almost every time confirm that the explication of meanings of Rocha’s films requires knowledge from outside of the text, and reaching for contexts that are often very distant and extensive. If Rocha’s films surprised and confused viewers of the 1960s and 1970s, then today, after many years and so many new experiences in the language and form of cinema, should not they be more transparent to us? No. Rocha did not shape the universal language that is the language of today’s cinema. He created his own language. And the language remained his own”.
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When the terracotta army was found in 1974 within the burial complex of Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of China, previously familiar mostly to sinologists, entered popular imagination. The authoress presents the life of Qin Shi Huang, the man responsible for the creation of this incredible necropolis. She also describes myths and legends associated with the emperor (the construction of the Great Wall of China, assassination attempts, his descent etc). It is the assassination attempts that proved to be most inspiring to film directors and people responsible for the creation of TV series about Qin Shi Huang. Romance was also an essential element of the story. The authoress describes the most important films, which feature the First Emperor. She points out that with the exception of Zhang Yimou's Hero, where Qin Shi Huang is shown as a great ruler, in other films he is usually portrayed as a cruel and ruthless tyrant, devoid of human emotions, a megalomaniac desiring to be God. The storylines of these films are a mix of facts, legends and pure fantasy created by the scriptwriters.
EN
We are used to the fact that an artist, being representative of a given culture, will use that tradition, the patterns of native painting and visual symbolic representation as a resource and inspiration in his or her film making. However a problem arises, when we consider the relationship between art coming from 'different' cultural sphere and Western culture, where the art of film making was born. The authoress writes about the incompatibility of the traditional Chinese system of representation with the system one inherited by film makers, with its roots in the culture of Renaissance. She describes the rules present in Chinese painting (especially landscape painting) and their relation to Tao and Confucianism, and then considers whether these rules could be applied in film making.
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Helman przedstawia recenzję książki Bożeny Kudryckiej „Ukryte spojrzenia w filmach Bernarda Bertolucciego” (2016), wskazując, że jest to monografia ujmująca całokształt twórczości reżysera. Kudrycka pisze w swej książce przede wszystkim o strategiach adaptacji w wybranych ośmiu filmach reżysera, dla których punktem wyjścia był materiał literacki. Omawiając konstrukcję tej publikacji i charakter samych analiz filmowych, Helman zwraca uwagę, że interpretacje Kudryckiej bywają skrajne, co przesądza o ich atrakcyjności, przy czym niektóre z nich sięgają rejonów nadinterpretacji. Mimo to recenzentka zauważa, że te najbardziej skrajne interpretacje są najciekawsze, bowiem zostały napisane z niesłychaną śmiałością i wirtuozerią. Helman odnosi niektóre z rozpoznań Kudryckiej do swoich własnych upodobań i odczytań filmowych, a w podsumowaniu notuje: „Lektura książki Bożeny Kudryckiej jest dla czytelnika pasjonującą przygodą intelektualną. Autorka prowadzi nas przez meandry niełatwej przecież w odbiorze twórczości Bertolucciego z nieomylnym wyczuciem kierunku”.
EN
Helman presents a review of Bożena Kudrycka’s book “Ukryte spojrzenia w filmach Bernarda Bertolucciego” [“Hidden Gazes in Bernard Bertolucci’s Films”] (2016), indicating that it is a monograph that captures the overall output of the director. Kudrycka focuses in her book primarily on adaptation strategies in eight, selected, films by Bertolucci, for which the starting point was literary material. Discussing the structure of this publication and the nature of film analyses themselves, Helman points out that Kudrycka’s interpretations tend to be extreme, which makes them attractive, however some of them enter the region of over-interpretation. Nevertheless, the reviewer notes that the most extreme interpretations are the most interesting, because they were written with incredible boldness and virtuosity. Helman relates some of Kudrycka’s diagnoses to her own preferences and film interpretations, and in summary notes: “Reading Bożena Kudrycka’s book is an exciting intellectual adventure. The author guides us through the meanders of Bertolucci’s difficult art with an infallible sense of direction”.
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