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Przemoc rodzinna wobec dziecka

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Despite the legislative initiatives (Act of 29 July 2005 on Counteraction of Domestic Violence) and social initiatives (e.g. ‘Blue Card’), the extent of domestic violence against children has not shown any significant decrease in Poland over the past decade. Taking into consideration the negative impacts of violence experienced in childhood, which manifest themselves across the lifespan of the victim, it is still of the utmost importance to thoroughly recognise the causes, forms and effects of family violence against children. The article presents the most essential reasons for emotional abuse against children analysed within the area of psychology and pedagogics, it indicates the destructive, both immediate and delayed, effects of the experienced violence which show over the lifespan of those harmed by the abuse, and it formulates recommendations regarding action against various forms of psychological violence against children in the home and family.
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Wprowadzenie

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Rola empatii w życiu rodziny.

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In the recent decades we can observe the intensification of crisis in the marriage and family. In this situation many researches are undertaken to explain the reason of such state in order to prevent it in the future. The aim of the paper is to study the role of empathy in family life. Firstly there have been presented the most basic characteristics and functions of the empathy phenomena that have been studied in psychology. Then the paper explains successive stages of family development within the framework of systems theory and in this context the significance of empathy sensitiveness in the prevention and solving the conflicts and crisises in family life have been discussed. Basing on the theoretical analyses presented in the literature and the results of empirical research it has been shown that empathy is one of the most fundamental factors determining satisfactory interpersonal relations within the family, concerning both the correct family functioning as well as overcoming the inevitable conflicts and crisises that appear in family life.
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In this article the linguistic and psychological basis of foreign languages learning and teaching have been analysed. It has been indicated that learning a foreign language in comparison to learning other subjects is peculiar, due to the fact that in the process of learning a foreign language the language becomes a subject, not the tool of teaching. The article discusses also intellectual, cognitive, motivational and other personality determinants of the process and effects of learning a foreign language and stresses the importance of varied individual and social benefits, resulting from mastering and using as foreign language.
EN
In the paper, the generation gap conflict phenomenon occurring in families with adolescent children is given thorough psychological and sociological analysis. Attention is drawn to psychological and socio-cultural causes of such conflicts, the stages of their development are determined, constructive and destructive strategies of managing family conflicts are indicated, and four types of tension arising between parents and their adolescent children are characterised in families of three close generations: the End of Century Generation, i. e. the 1989 Generation, the Transformation Period Generation, and the End of Century Stragglers.
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